February 2008: Woori Yallock, east of Melbourne, strawberry crop getting a dose of pesticides. Note raised booms which increase spray drift.

In 1983 the following quote was made to the Acting Director General Agriculture "Since July 1979, seven cases of organophosphorus poisoning were reported to the Occupational Health Branch of the Health Commission. All were due to Mevinphos. Also, during the same period, 44 people were found to have cholinesterase enzyme inhibition due to absorption of organophosphorous insecticides..."

November 2010: Spraying vineyards near Yarra Glen, ~3km upstream from offtake to Sugarloaf Reservoir.

Pesticide Found Near Drinking Water Dam (June 17 2012)

Chemical Find In Creek Prompts Drinking Water Tests (September 30 2010)

Locusts Seen In Massively High Densities (September 28 2010)

Don't Let Bees Get Caught in Locust Crossfire (August 13 2010)

Victoria Braces For Early Days Of The Locust (August 10 2010)

Uproar as GM Canola Contaminates Beehive (October 2 2009)

Pesticide in River Fear (June 16 2009)

February 2008: Australian Strawberry Industry gets a bucketing in the press for pesticide residues

May 08: Rubbish including pesticide containers left in wetland near Tatura Victoria.

Act Now Website

Spuds

Irrigation Regions

Common Pesticides used in Canola & Wheat in Victoria

Pesticides used in Cropping in Victoria

Pesticides used in Strawberries in Victoria

Pesticides used in Vineyards in Australia

Pesticides used in Nurseries/Cut Flowers in Victoria

Pesticides used in the Grazing Industry in Victoria

Pesticides used in Tree Plantations in Victoria

Incomplete List of Pesticides Used in Apple and Pear Orchards

Pesticides Commonly Used in the Vegetable Industry in Victoria

Pesticides Commonly used in the Stone & Pome Fruit Industries in Victoria

Toxicity Ratings

Chemical Cocktail - Dairy Farming Antibiotics (Gippsland Times 29/5/07)

More calls for waterway tests Leslie White (Gippsland Times 25/6/07)

Strawberry industry vows to crack down on use of pesticides 4/1/08

Various Artists

Azinphos-methyl

Various Observations

Leongatha

Nov 07: Weed control? Matthews Creek catchment (near the Otways) about 3km outside of Geelongs drinking water supply), 1km west of the Wurdee Boluc Inlet Channel.

Spraying in northern Victoria

Spray drift Woori Yallock

Summary

In Australia over 8000 active constituents are registered for use. In Victoria the vast majority of active constituents are not even tested for. Barely no testing has been conducted on surface water in Victoria.

In groundwater, DDT has been detected in the past. In the Goulburn Murray region, Simazine and Atrazine have been the most commonly detected pesticides in groundwater. Other herbicides detected have included in groundwater have included Amitrole, Hexazinone, Terbutryn, Metribuzin, Diuron, Bromacil and Metolachlor. Insecticides detected in groundwater have included; chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, dichlorvos, mevinphos, tetrachlorfenvinphos and fenchlorvos.

Organochlorines have been detected in surface waters of the Ovens River. Under guideline detections of Chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, endosulfan, metribuzin and atrazine have occurred in Gippsland. Agrochemical pollution has occured in Melbourne's urban areas.

Since 1998; 2,4-D, Hexazinone and Glyphosate have been detected in Geelongs drinking water catchments. Low readings of 2,4-D have also been detected in catchments supplying Aireys Inlet and Gellibrand. 2,4-D, Hexachlorobenzene, Heptachlor and Pentachlorophenol have been detected by Goulburn Valley Water. Aldrin, Lindane and Heptachlor have been detected by Melbourne Water.

In the Goulburn-Murray region Atrazine, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos and parathion methyl have been detected in irrigation channels, as have high levels of Amitrole, Glyphosate and 2,4-D. DDT and 2,4-D have also been detected in sediments of surface drains. Atrazine, Metribuzin, simazine, diuron and methamidophos have been detected in surface drains in Gippsland. Hexazinone has been detected in Gippsland leaching from pine plantations and Simazine has been detected in surface waters in south western Victoria.

 

Spuds

Just downstream from the towns water supply offtake. Problems for water authorities occur because users of pesticides only have to keep records for restricted chemical products. If a pesticide is not a restricted chemical it is almost impossible for the water authority to determine if that type of pesticide has been used in that particular water supply catchment. It also makes it almost impossible for water authorities to adequately do tests for pesticides, because they have no idea what pesticides have been used.

 

A view from further up in the catchment, showing intensive horticultural activities in this towns water supply catchment in Gippsland.

More spuds, large scale application of pesticides in Gippsland, Tarwin River catchment.

Even more spuds - Elizabeth Creek catchment Gippsland - Water supply for Meeniyan

Dieldrin Scare Victoria 1987-8

(In 1987-88 a number of farms in Victoria were quarantined because of unacceptably high levels of dieldrin in soil - articles sourced mainly from local Pakenham-Berwick newspaper The Source) Also a problem in King Lake, South Gippsland and Bellarine Peninsula.

Remarkably Dieldrin had been a problem in Australia for decades. 20 years earlier Dieldrin levels in milk in Western Australia had been found at exceptionally high levels. The safe level of Dieldrin in drinking water (2011 Australian Drinking Water Guidlelines) are shown in the blue list below. The highest sample found in milk was 3000 times higher than the 2011 supposed safe level. According to the Pesticide Action Network Dieldrin is regarded as a carcinogen and suspected endocrine disruptor. Dieldrin had also been detected in water supplies across Australia, particularly in water tanks in the Coffs Harbour region of NSW, groundwater bores and South Australia and the Yarra River catchment. Why was it allowed to be used for so long?

30 November 2009: Dolphin Deaths Linked To Dieldrin

4 December 2008: Dieldrin and Breast Cancer

Dieldrin Levels Western Australia 1966 & 1970

Dieldrin Residues Western Australian Study by E. Shewchuck February 1981 Government Chemical Laboratories Perth (milk levels included very high levels of Dieldrin found in milk farm - Wanneroo Dairy. June 1966 120-350ug/L 220ug/L mean 9 samples. July 1966 40-140ug/L 60 mean 12 samples. Area was sprayed for Argentine Ant control Feb/Mar 1966 and afterwards used for grazing of a dairy herd.

May 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd A) Dieldrin Milk 900ug/L (3000xADWGH)

May 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd A) Dieldrin Milk 800ug/L (2666.667xADWGH)

June 1966 Mean Western Australia Wanneroo Dairy Dieldrin Milk 220ug/L (733.333xADWGH)

June 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd A) Dieldrin Milk 170ug/L (566.667xADWGH)

July 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd A) Dieldrin Milk 81ug/L (270xADWGH)

July 1966 Mean Western Australia Wanneroo Dairy Dieldrin Milk 220ug/L (733.333xADWGH)

August 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd A) Dieldrin 49ug/L (163.333xADWGH)

July 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd B) Dieldrin 32ug/L (106.667xADWGH)

November 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd A) Dieldrin 24ug/L (80xADWGH)

December 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd A) Dieldrin 16ug/L (53.333xADWGH)

August 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd B) Dieldrin 14ug/L (46.667xADWGH)

November 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd B) Dieldrin 12ug/L (40xADWGH

December 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd B) Dieldrin 10ug/L (33.333xADWGH)

The Dieldrin Contamination Issue

"...Until 1987, the organochlorine, dieldrin was used by potato farmers in several areas of southern Victoria to control insect pests such as wire worm (Gonocephalum pterohelaeus) and white fringed weevil (Graphognathus leucoloma). The traditional management system for these farmers is to rotate paddocks between potato cropping and sown grass/clover pasture. The sown pasture is usually used for grazing beef cattle over a period of. several years, before returning to potato cropping. When the dieldrin sampling at abattoirs intensified after the 1987 "dieldrin crisis", many cattle from these farms were found to have fat dieldrin levels exceeding the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) of 0.2 parts per million (ppm). Further investigation found that the soil from many of the paddocks which these cattle grazed, was contaminated with measurable amounts of dieldrin..." (Source: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL DIELDRIN LEVELS WITHIN DIELDRIN CONTAMINATED PADDOCKS IN SOUTHERN VICTORIA K.L. BUTLER*, H. SIMPFENDORER*, J. STEWART* and G. ROBERTS* Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. Vol. 18)

Thursday 29th October 1987 - The Age

State Buys Stock Hit With Pesticides

The Minister for Agriculture, Mr Walker, yesterday announced a plan to rid Victoria of Dieldrin and DDT affected animals by buying them from farmers.

Mr Walker said the plan involved buying affected animals for 75 per cent of their market value. Up to 1000 cattle might have to be bought at a cost between $350,000 and $500,000, he said.

But the plan to be introduced under the Cattle Compensation Fund, has been rejected by the Victorian Farmers Federation. The federation's pastoral group president, Mr Bill Bodman, said yesterday that compensation should be payed by the State Government, not from the Cattle Compensation Fund, which had been set up with farmers' contributions.

Mr Bodman said that many farmers had used Agricultural Minister advice on the use of dieldrin. "If the Government believes, as we do, that some producers have a case for compensation, then they should fund it," he said.

Mr Walker said the plan would identify affected animals property by property and send them for slaughter and use outside of the human food chain.

Mr Walker said: "The aim is to give Victoria a clean slate as quickly as possible. It will put us ahead of our competitors, on export markets, restore confidence and lift prices and income for farmers."

A special assistance program for farmers with dieldrin-affected properties on the Bellarine Peninsula would be extended to the Kooweerup and South Gippsland areas, he said. It would also include all the state's chemical residue-affected properties that were under quaratine, he said.

He said individual management plans would be prepared for individual farmers if requested, with systematic fat sampling and soil testing. The Government would share the cost of laboratory fat analysis.

 

Wednesday 27th January 1988

- Prior to 1987, dieldrin had been used extensively in Gembrook to control pests, including wireworm, a pest of potato crops.

- According to **** of the VFF, growers had followed recommendations from the Department of Agriculture, in using dieldrin on their farms.

- Farm quarantine would cost the farmers about $15,000 per year and as dieldrin has a half life ranging from 3 to 10 years, the total cost per farm would be high.

- Cattle were not the prime source of income for potato farmers but provided important supplementary income when prices for potatoes were low.

- Farmers, felt that they were 'paying the penalty' for following advice from the Department of Agriculture.

Wednesday 24th February, 1988

- At a public meeting of growers and senior officers from the VFF and DARA, held on 15th February, to discuss the dieldrin problem it was revealed that serious investigation and research of the chemical had only begun in 1986.

- In the mid 70's dieldrin had been banned in America but it was not until 1987, that dieldrin was deregistered for use in agricultural production in Victoria.

- Quarantined farmers emphasised the dramatic effect on their lives as a result of following recommendations to use diedrin products.

- There was still no help available to affected farmers in Victoria.

- Farmers at the meeting pushed for government and industry sponsored assistance to identify the source of the problem and worst affected areas, and ensure particular families are not left to bear the brunt of the mistakes of others.

- The VFF has arranged for a deputation of farmers from all affected areas to meet with the Minister of DARA.

Wednesday, 2nd March, 1988

- Pakenham Council wants compensation paid to farmers whose properties are dieldrin affected.

- Council is seeking the matter to be listed as an agenda item for the mid year conference of the Gippsland Municipalities Association.

- Cr ****'s motion calls on the association to press Federal and State Governments to reverse a decision made by DARA to refuse compensation.

- Council has expressed concern at farmers being required to pay for testing of livestock and soil.

Wednesday 9th March 1988

- Gembrook farmers met last Thursday to discuss the previous Tuesday meeting between the Minister, Mr Ken Walker of DARA, VFF representatives and representatives of farmers whose properties are quarantined.

- It was decided that a fighting fund be set bup to help their committee obtain (government) information (on the use of dieldrin in agriculture) possibly under the Freedom of Information Act.

- A range of options for assistance was proposed to the Minister.

- While the Minister continues to deny the department's liability on the issue, he was happy to talk about an assistance package.

- The Shadow Minister for Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Mr Tom Austin, says the problem was known at least six years ago but nothing was done about it.

- Some individual farmers intend to sue the government.

- Farmers have been advised that any litigation should be taken co-operatively.

Friday 11th March 1988 (The Age Newspaper)

Board Sells Its Cattle Despite Quarantine

Victoria's biggest cattle farm, the Board of Works farm at Werribee, has been quarantined because of pesticide contamination, but is still selling cattle through Melbourne Markets.

Nearly half the 10,000-hectare farm, which makes $3 million annual profit on cattle raised on sewage-irrigated pasture, has shown excessive levels of dieldrin, the pesticide at the centre of the Victorian meat industry's contamination crisis.

However, the board is still selling cattle from the property, with Department of Agriculture approval. The animals, including 68 heifers sold yesterday, through Dandenong Market, are guaranteed to be below acceptable residue levels but are not identified as from a quarantined property.

The Werribee farm carries 15,000 cattle and has already sold 2000 animals this year, a board spokesman said. Dieldrin contamination was first discovered last September.

The board agreed to voluntary quaratine. Tests showed that the dieldrin was present in sewage effluent. The spokesman said the farm's cattle had lost weight and value dramatically since their removal from the irrigated land.

He said the dieldrin could have been building up in the farm's pasture for decades, and that there was no obvious solution. The board had carried out a big testing program. However, he was surprised to hear cattle were sold yesterday.

The Opposition yesterday raised the farm's quarantine in State Parliament. Farmers whose properties are among 222 Victorian farms under quarantine made it plain yesterday that they felt the board was receiving special treatment.

But a spokesman for the Agriculture Minister, Mr Walker, said last night that the Werribee farm would not get special consideration. He said the approvals for sale were tightly controlled, and there was nothing wrong with the board not revealing its quarantine status when selling cattle.

Wednesday, 23rd March 1988

- The reaction of farmers of quarantined properties, to an assistance package released by the Minister of DARA was shock, disappointment, anger and concern.

- If a better package is not offered next week, farmers have threatened legal action against DARA and the state government in the Supreme Court.

- The Minister's plan included:

(a) cattle would be sold to the Rural Finance Commission for 70 - 80 percent of market value;

(b) the development of property management programmes for quarantined land to be available for one year;

(c) all fat and soil tests to be paid by farmers.

- At a meeting called last Friday by the VFF, farmers drew up what they considered were the minimum requirements from the Minister.

(a) To sell dieldrin-affected cattle to the Rural Finance Commission (RFC) for 100 percent of market price less normal handling costs;

(b) complete analysis of soils paid by government (at least 20 per farm), and property management through a permanent adviser.

- Affected farmers will meet Friday (25th March, 1988) with the Federal Minister for Agriculture at Pakenham.

- A further public meeting has been called for Monday 28th March to discuss the fighting fund.

- The farmers group has made representation to the Department of Social Services. There are two cases where owners of dieldrin-affected properties are too old to grow potatoes; they can't sell their cattle or their farms for realistic prices and are ineligible by means test for the pension.

- Farmers may have to refuse to pay rates to provide short term relief, and until property values can be reassessed.

Wednesday, 30th March 1988 The Age p18

Farmers Decide On Legal Action Over Land Contamination (Gayle Austen)

Forty-nine of the Victorian farmers whose properties are contaminated with the pesticide dieldrin will proceed with legal action against the State Government.

The farmers, beef producers from the Bellarine, Kinglake and Gembrook areas, decided this week that they could not wait any longer for the Minister for Agriculture, Mr Walker, to offer satisfactory compensation.

The State Government has consistently refused to provide compensation, despite recent evidence that the Department of Agriculture, which was recommending dieldrin for agricultural use until last year, had known about the contamination dangers of the pesticide since 1971.

Mr Walker has offered to buy contaminated cattle for 80 per cent of their value, but producers, facing long-term soil contamination, are dissatisfied and say they will press ahead with legal action.

"Generally, farmers are still very unhappy with what the minister has offered,"said a spokesman for the farmers, Mr Julian Dyer. "He can come up with as many short-term palliatives as he likes, but nobody at this stage knows what effect this will have on the value of property in the long-term...

"The whole thing's a disaster. It's terribly unfortunate that things like this have to go as far as they have." Mr Dyer said there woule be no turning back from the action now, even if Mr Walker came up with a more acceptable offer.

He said he believed the dieldrin problem would continue to get worse as departmental officers turned their attention to the many hobby farms in Gembrook and on the Bellarine Peninsula. About 220 Victorian farms are under quarantine or scrutiny, and the figure would probably blow out to about 500, Mr Dyer said.

The president of the Victorian Farmers Federation's pastoral group, Mr Bill Bodman, agreed yesterday that farmers had to be concerned about the long-term impact of pesticide contamination, beyond the immediate problem of affected cattle.

Wednesday, 30th March, 1988

- Gembrook Concerned Farmers Group voted 49 to 4 on Monday night to institute legal action against the government, chemical manufacturers and distributors over the dieldrin issue.

- There were 70 members in attendance and Mr Dyer (VFF representative) expressed disappointment at the number of abstentions from voting.

- Full support had been expressed by Bellarine Peninsula Farmers and by Erica farmers (who had been similarly affected).

- The committee outlined its meeting the previous Thursday night where, acting on the advice of solicitor ***, it voted unanimously to recommend legal proceedings.

- Mr ***, appointed to advise owners of affected properties, spoke at the meeting. He told farmers that the problem could be in existence for the next twenty years and people are deluding themselves if they think a package of short term, cattle buy-back assistance is adequate. He believed the government is trying to blur the real issues which involve long-term farm use and land values.

- Mr *** outlined the rights of prospective land purchasers to know about dieldrin contamination.

- Mr *** advised that legal proceedings be instituted as soon as possible. He emphasised the necessity of obtaining proof from each farmer of his history of the use of dieldrin. Not everyone will fit into the class action but a substantial number will.

- If legal proceedings are successful, farmers are entitled to compensation for all economic losses, such as land value depreciation and costs of retraining and capital infrastructure for new ventures.

- Instituting legal proceedings does not stop negotiations for short-term assistance.

- The Law Institute of Victoria felt farmers had a good chance of winning.

- The Minister of DARA said that he doesn't consider legal action will benefit anyone.

Wednesday, 6th April, 1988

- Farmers of quarantined properties in Gembrook have appealed for local community support, including contributions to their fighting fund.

- An open letter to the community warns that many quarantined farms would have to be sold and sub-division would be inevitable. It also states that the government is considering purchasing affected land for pine plantations. These measures would drastically alter the Gembrook environment.

- The fighting fund will be used for press advertisements, media releases, legal fees and administration expenses.

Wednesday, 20th April, 1988

- Two Queen's Counsels have told quarantined farmers they believe legal action against the government will be successful.

- Farmers are now waiting for a third opinion before taking action.

- Gembrook farmers have joined with quarantined farmers around the state to form the Victorian Farmers Dieldrin Action Committee.

- Representatives, of about 200 farmers, from all areas support legal action against the government.

- The decision of the Minister of DARA last week to pay the costs of soil and animal testing on quarantined properties has done little to placate farmers.

- Mr K Walker (Minister of DARA) announced that nearly $500,000 would be made available for chemical testing and to develop a property management plan for each farmer.

- Mr *** of Gembrook Farmers Group said "the Minister's offers on both soil testing and cattle buy-back have been greeted with scepticism. We're starting to get back to square one with minimum requirements we asked for, but it still doesn't help us with long-term land use".

- Mr *** (VFF representative) said "We want to avoid bitterness and ill-feeling between the department and farmers. We don't want the dieldrin issue used as a reason for the department to cut back on its extension services to all farmers in the state".

Wednesday, 27th April, 1988

- The Shire Secretary of Pakenham, said this week, that owners who believe the value of their properties have been adversely affected by the use of dieldrin should apply to counil for reassessment, giving reasons.

Wednesday, 4th May 1988

- At a Pakenham Council meeting held the previous week Cr *** described as inadequate, the state government's offer to buy cattle from quarantined properties at Gembrook. She found the response to the issue of compensation from Federal Primary Industries, Mr J. Kerin as not being entirely satisfactory.

Wednesday, 22nd June 1988

- Banning the use of dieldrin has allowed wireworm to creep back into potato crops.

- Heavily infected crops have been reported by 3 - 4 farmers

- One farmer has lost one-third of his crop this season.

- Prior to the use of dieldrin in the 1950's farmers literally grew ten tonnes of potatoes and wrote off five to wireworm.

- Despite extensive research by the Department of Agriculture no adequate alternative control of wireworm is available.

- It appears the dieldrin contaminated land may repel the wireworm, but there is not guarantee for how long.

- Dieldrin was needed on every crop in order to be effective.

- Farmers could suffer significant economic losses.

Source: http://www.ccma.vic.gov.au/soilhealth/documents/cshs_report/AppendixA.pdf "Dieldrin insecticide was used extensively in the 1950s, 60s and 70s for the control of insect pests in potato crops. This type of pesticide is persistent in the soil and can take up to 200 years to break down by biological processes. Dieldrin contamination sites are mostly found in the Bellarine Peninsula area, east of Lake Connewarre. The use of dieldrin is now prohibited."

Source: http://www.cardinia.vic.gov.au/files/Strategic_planning/SP_GWMP_NorthernRanges_IssuesPaper_2010-06.pdf "Unfortunately the area has been faced with major difficulties over the last 30 years. Dieldrin is present in the red soils and much of the area is also affected by an organism called the potato cyst nematode (PCN). These two separate problems have combined to create an immensely difficult situation for many growers, some of whom are concerned about their future in the industry and their future options for retirement.

Potato cyst nematode is common in Europe while Australia has generally remained free of the problem. It consists of a microscopic organism which lives in the soil and attacks the roots of potatoes and some other plants. It is not a human health issue except it reduces crop yields, increases production costs and reduces the value of potatoes grown in the area. It was discovered in Western Australia in 1983, in Wandin (1991) and then in Gembrook in 1992. Since 1992 the Department of Primary Industries has declared four “Control Areas” in Victoria – at Thorpdale, Koo Wee Rup, Wandin and Gembrook – and movement into and out of these areas is restricted and export to interstate markets has been banned. The effects on the Gembrook potato industry have been devastating as Gembrook’s main market was interstate and as a consequence half the growers left the industry and the production of potatoes declined in the study area by half. At present only 12 potato growers now remain in the study area.

Another problem in the study area is dieldrin, as a result of widespread use of the pesticide between 1950 and 1980. At the time dieldrin was hailed as an effective pesticide which could replace Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and it was used widely across the world. It was subsequently found to build up to toxic levels in animals and humans and was withdrawn from use in 1987. The level of dieldrin soil contamination does drop over time – reportedly 30-50 years before it is graded at a safe level – although the levels remain at unacceptable levels in the Gembrook area. Whilst soil contamination does not directly affect the growing of potatoes and other vegetables, it limits options for cattle, ducks and free range chickens (but not for horses and sheep). Cattle which graze on contaminated dieldrin soils must be agisted on “clean” soils for six months before they can obtain a clean bill of health and be sold at market."

Corn crop Gippsland near drainage line. Atrazine is one of the herbicides used on corn crops.

Hormones and other nasties can be released by cows taking dumps in river. In this case the Acheron River.

October 2007: Looking into Thorpedale's water supply.

Photo taken from road near Warrnambool. Note spray drift/mist. This spray was applied on paddock next to main road, meaning that any passers by copped a lungful.

Irrigation Regions

The most used pesticides in the Goulburn Murray Irrigation Region 2001.

See Friends of the Earth December 2006 Press Release

Herbicides

Herbicide	Quantity	Manufacturer
Glyphosate	121,110 Litres
Paraquat, diquat	60,000 Litres
Amitrole	35,000 Litres
Ammonium fluphosiante	30,000 Litres
MCPA	28,000 Litres
Pendimethalin	20,500 Litres
Diquat debrmoide monohydrate Paraquat dichloride	16,430 Litres
Trifluralin	14,430 Litres
24-D	12,000 Litres
Diuron	4,715 Litres
Metribuzin	4,550 Litres
Simazine	4,500 Litres
Bromoxynil	4,290 Litres
Diflufenican MCPA Iso-Octyl Ester	3,015 Litres
Atrazine	3,000 Litres

Insecticides

Parathion methyl	170,000 Litres
Azinphos methyl	80,000 Litres	Bayer Crop Science
Dimethoate	27,340 Litres
Omethoate	24,286 Litres
chlorpyrifos	18,943 Litres
Methomyl	12,350 Litres
Diplomal amine DPA	9,000 Litres
Alpha-Cypermethrin	6,400 Litres
Beta-Cyfluthrin	4,000 Litres
Thiodicarb	4,000 Litres

Fungicides

Copper	400 Tonnes
Metham Sodium	300 Tonnes
Mancozeb	237.072 Tonnes
Wettable Sulphur	50 Tonnes
Ziram	50 Tonnes
Metiram	40 Tonnes
Chlorthaunal	30 Tonnes
Sulphur	30 Tonnes
Copper Hydroxide	15 Tonnes
Thiram	14 Tonnes
Metalaxyl	5 Tonnes

Azinphos-methyl

In a study by Goulburn Murray Water, the top 10 pesticides found to pose the highest overall risk in Goulburn-Murray Irrigation Areas were (pesticides listed as most hazardous first and so on); 1. Azinphos-methyl (insecticide), 2. copper hydroxide (fungicide), 3. parathion methyl (insecticide), 4. chlorpyrifos (insectcide), 5. omethoate (insecticide), 6. esfenvalerarate (insecticide), 7. methomyl (insecticide), 8. thiram (fungicide), 9. bifethrin (insecticide), 10. mancozeb (fungicide). Almost all of these pesticides are used in the production of fruit and vegetables. Omethoate is used in pasture areas. It was regarded that Azinphos-methyl was found to pose a 20 times more risk than copper hydroxide, 40 times more risk than parathion methyl, and 100 times more risk than omethoate.

Azinphos-methyl is an organophosphorus insecticide with product names including Gusathion 200 SC Insecticide marketed by Bayer Crop Science. It is banned in India, Indonesia and Thailand. The Material Data Sheet lists that it is a cholinesterase inhibitor and is dangerous to the aquatic environment. Production or agricultural workers using this substance should be monitored for cholinesterase levels. The insecticide is used in the production of apples, pears, quinces, peaches, nectarines, apricots, cherries, citrus, plums, grapes, kiwifruit, litchis and blueberries. Rates are generally between 190-245ml/100L. It is used against; codling moth, lightbrown apple moth, spring beetle, apple leaf hopper, bryobia mite, pear and cherry slug, woolly aphid, San Jose scale, oyster shell scale, root borer, oriental fruit moth, red scale, soft-brown scale, white wax scale, tortrix, aphids, grapevine scale, grapevine hawk moth, grapevine moth, fig longicorn, elephant weevil, macadamia nut borer and fruitspotting bug.

Canola & Wheat

Victorian & Australian Canola Production

Year	Victorian Hectares	Victorian Tonnes	Australian Tonnes	Victorian share of total
1996-97	n/a	141,000	641,000	22%
1997-98	n/a	181,000	861,000	21%
1998-99	335,000	315,000	1,685,000	18.7%
1999-00	250,000	450,000	2,400,000	18.8%
2000-01	250,000	400,000	1,681,000	23.8%
2001-02	240,000	372,000	1,607,000	23.1%
2002-03	125,000	180,000	790,000	22.8%
2003-04	230,000	420,000	1,622,000	25.9%
2004-05	240,000	395,000	1,531,000	25.8%
2005-06	225,000	337,500	1,438,750	23.5%
2006-07	213,000	42,000	512,000	8.2%
2007-08	238,000	518,000	1,550,000	33.4%

Source: Weekly Times 23/5/07. CAA and AOF

Above October 08 Canola crop spanning several hundred hectares in the Barwon River catchment near Mount Pollock, ~25km west of Geelong. Typical pesticide volumes used for Canola are printed below.

Pesticide volumes per hectare per year (one source Victoria)

Pesticide	Canola	Wheat
Atrazine/Herbicide	3 litres
Diuron/Herbicide		0.75 litres
Endosulfan/Insecticide	0.5 litres
Ester	Up to 0.8 litres	Up to 0.8 litres
Fastac/Insecticide (Alpha-Cypermethrin 10%, Xylene 75%)	0.1 litre	0.2 litre
Folicar		0.25 litre
Fusilade/Herbicide (Fluazifop-P-Butyl It)	60 ml
Glean/Herbicide (Chlorsulfuron)		20 to 25 gms
Hoegrass/Herbicide (Diclofop-methyl 500g/L, liquid hydrocarbon 393g/L, NMP 80 g/L)		2 litres
Impact		0.25 litres
Roundup/Herbicide	1.2 to 2 litres	1.5 to 3 litres
Simazine/Herbicide	2.5 to 3 litres
Sprayseed/Herbicide (Paraquat dichloride 135g/L+Diquat dibromide monohydrate 115g/L)	2.0 to 3 litres
Verdict/Herbicide (Haloxyfop R -methyl ester)	60ml
2,4 D (Amine)/Herbicide		2 litres

Using the figures provided above, and using a figure of 238,000 hectares of Canola planted in Victoria in 2007-08 one can assume that the total amount of pesticides used to grow Canola in Victoria in 2007-08 are;

714,000 litres of Atrazine, 119,000 litres of Endosulfan, 23,800 litres of Alpha-Cypermethrin, 1428 litres of Fusilade, 285,600-476,000 litres of Glyphosate, 595,000-714,000 litres of Simazine, 476,000-714,000 litres of Paraquat/Diquat and 1428 litres of Haloxyfop.

An example of herbicide usage scenarios in conventional and TT canola in typical farming systems of WA grainbelt (2000).

Timing	Conventional Canola	Rate L/ha	TT Canola	Rate L/ha
Field preperation	Glyphosate or (paraquat+diquat) Cultivate	0.5 to 1	Glyphosate or (paraquat+diquat) Atrazine	0.5 to 1 1 to 2
Pre-planting	Trifluralin	2	Trifuralin: 20% probability, particularly where herbicide resistance is prevalent	2
At planting	metolachlor (in high rainfall districts) for control of Crassula spp. etc	0.5
Post-emergent	Capeweed, clover & doublegee control (eg. clopyralid)	0.3	atrazine	2
Follow up	grass selective herbicide (eg clethodim + haloxyfop-ethxyethyl mix): 95% probability	0.15	grass selective herbicide (eg clethodim): 10% probability	0.15
Yield and weed control comments	Conventional canola crops are not weed free. Therefore some yield losses caused by weeds is always expected. Preparation for conventional canola needs to be more rigorous to minimise losses due to weed competition.		In a weed free situation TT canola generally yields 15 to 20% lower than conventional canola but because of the excellent weed control atrazine provides in many situations, this yield penalty is often overcome.

Source: p232 Pesticide Use in Australia A Review Undertaken by the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering.

October 2008: Canola growing near Lake Modewarre ~5km west of Moriac. A few years earlier Lake Modewarre suffered an eel kill event where several thousand eels were found dead at the lake. Drought was blamed for the deaths, but did agricultural agrochemicals washed into the Lake also a factor?

October 2008: Canola now being grown in close proximity to Wurdee Boluc Inlet Channel. Shape of things to come?

September 2007: Wild canola on roadsides in Central Gippsland.

September 07: Wild canola growing on roadsides of the Princes Highway near Trafalgar in Central Gippsland. The nearest Canola crops in Gippsland would be located near Giffard. Wild canola has also been observed growing on roadsides throughout western Melbourne. The nearest crop of canola to Melbourne is being grown near Little River west of Werribee.

Pesticide Monitoring in Goulburn-Murray Waters Irrigation Supply Channels Covering the Six Irrigation Season Study Report Goulburn Murray Water June 2006.

“In the 2004-05 seasons…Atrazine was detected at 9 of 14 sites (spot water samples); however it was found on a regular basis only at West Boort… In the 2005-06 seasons… Atrazine was detected in spot samples at each of the 15 sites for the majority of sample dates…As there are no national guidelines for atrazine for all purposes, Canadian Environmental Quality Standards (2003) for irrigation, and livestock and drinking were used for comparison. The atrazine concentrations found were within the Canadian Guidelines for drinking, recreation, agriculture water uses and aquatic life protection…

By comparison with Australian, New Zealand and USA drinking water and human health values the detected and predicted values for endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, parathion methyl, atrazine and copper were found to be with guideline values…

P22 Pesticides in spot water samples Atrazine is highly persistent in soil and in the environment. It was detected on a regular basis at all 15 sites during 2005/06 season. It is likely that the atrazine detected was used to control weeds in forage legumes and orchards. The concentrations detected in spot water samples were in the range of trace-0.05ug/L. By comparison with water quality guidelines of atrazine for irrigation, livestock and raw water for drinking water supply (ANZECC 2000; Hamilton et al. 2003) the atrazine concentration detected in spot samples did not exceed the recommended guideline values for the above water uses."

 

Intensive Cropping near Glenthompson Dam, South West Vic

Golf course surrounding Korumburra's drinking water supply. Golf courses can also use a variety of pesticides.

Toxicity Ratings

Pesticides vary widely in their toxicity, and the toxicity is usually quoted as the LD/50 which is the dose of the chemical in milligrams per kilogram of body weight required to kill 50 per cent of test animals to which it is administered. Although human beings and test animals may differ widely in their susceptibility to the various toxic chemicals, this nevertheless gives a general guide to the short term toxicity of the agent. The toxicity also varies with the route of absorption into the body, that is, skin contact, breathing the fumes, or oral ingestion, and the LD's are usually reported as "acute oral", "acute dermal", and so on.

In other words the lower the figure given as the LD/50, the more toxic is the pesticide. The following table which is taken from reference 1, indicates the classification of toxicity normally given to pesticides.

Classification of Comparitive Toxicity of Pesticides

Level of Toxicity	Oral LD/50 (mg/kg body weight)	Dermal LD/50* (mg/kg body weight)
Extremely toxic	Less than 5	10 or less
Highly toxic	6 - 50	10 - 100
Moderately toxic	50 - 500	100 - 1,000
Slightly toxic	500 - 5,000	Over 1,000
Practically non toxic	5000 - 15,000	-
Relatively harmless	More than 15,000	-

*LD/50 is the lethal dose for 50% of a sample of test subjects.

These toxicity values generally speaking, refer to the amount of technical grade active constituents absorbed. The following table gives the approximate lethal dose for an average size human being for each of the classes as above.

Level of Toxicity	Oral LD/50 (mg/kg body weight)	Lethal Amount (mg/kg body weight)
Extremely toxic	Less than 5	Few drops
Highly toxic	Less than 50	One teaspoonful
Moderately toxic	Less than 500	30g or 2 tablespoons
Slightly toxic	Less than 5000	500g
Practically non toxic	Less than 15,000	1kg
Relatively harmless	More than 15,000	More than 1 kg

From Reference 1

Acute Toxicity Data for Pesticides (source unknown from 1980's so information is likely to be dated)

H=Herbicide, I=Insecticide, F=Fungicide, R=Rodenticide, G=Growth Regulator, Ex=Exempt from Scheduling

Accepted Common Name	Some Common Distinguishing or Trade Names	Oral LD mg/kg(rats)	Dermal LD mg/kg (rabbits)	Poisons Schedule
Acephate	(I) Orthene	945	2,000	6
Aldicarb	(I) Temik	0.93	5	7
Alachlor	(H) Lasso	1200	2000	5
Ametryn	(H) Gesapax Primitol Z	1100-2980	8160	6
Aminocarb	(I) Matacil	50	275	6
Amitrole	(H) Weedazol TL Plus	1100-5000	10,000	5
Asulam	(H) Asulox	2000	500	Ex
Atrazine	(H) Gesaprim Primatol A Atradex Nutrazine	2000	7500	Ex
Azinphos-ethyl	(I) Gusation A Benzathion Kilathion A Banthion A Thionex	9	280	7
Azinphos-methyl	(I) Gusathion Cothion	7-13	280	7
Barban	(H) Carbyne	600	1600	6
Bendiocarb	(I) Ficam, Flides Multamat	34-64	566-800	5,6
Benomyl	(F) Benlate	5000	1000	Ex
Binapacryl	(IF) Morocide	58-225	720-810	6
Bioresmethrin	(I) BRM5/50	8800	10,000	Ex
Bromacil	(H) Hyvar	5200	5000	Ex
Bromoxynil	(H) Brominil Weedoben	190-270	No apparent toxicity	6
Camphechlor	(I) Toxaphene	80-90	1000	6
Captafol	(F) Difolatan	2500-6200	15,400	5
Captan	(F) Captan	8400	No apparent toxicity	Ex
Carbaryl	(I) Sevin	400	4000	6,5
Carbendazim	(F) Bavistin	6400	2500	Ex
Carbophenothion	(I) Trithion	32.3	1270	7
Chlorates, Na/K	(H) Leafex	1200-7000	No apparent toxicity	5
Chlorfenvinphos	(I) Birlane	10-155	30-108	7
Chlormequat	(G) Cycocel	670	440	6
Chlorothalonil	(F) Bravo Daconil Termil	10,000	10,000	Ex
Chlorpyrifos	(I) Dursban Lorsban	82-163	2000	6
2,4-D	(H) 2,4-D	400-500	1500	5
Daminozide	(G) Alar	8400	16,000	Ex
2,4-DB	(H) Bexone Embutox Selectone	700	800	5
DDT	(I) DDT	300-500	2500	6,5,2
Decamethrin	(I) Decis	66-128	2000	7
Demeton-S-methyl	(I) Metasystox	57-106	303	7,6
Di-allate	(H) Avadex	393-1000	2000-2500	6
Diazinon	(I) Basudin Gesapon	300-600	500-1200	6
Dicamba	(H) Banair Banex Banvel	1100	1000	5
Diclofop-methyl	(H) Hoegrass	563	5000	5
Dicofol	(I) Kelthane	575-2000	100-1230	5
Dieldrin	(I) various	54	10-102	6
Difenzoquat	(H) Avenge	450-650	1250	6
Dimethoate	(I) Rogor Perfekthion	200-300	700-1150	6
Dinocap	(F) Karathane	2000	9400	6
Dinitramine	(H) Cobex	3000	6800	5
Diquat	(H) Reglone	231-440	500	6
Diuron	(H) Diurex Karmex	3400-3700	No apparent toxicity	Ex
Dodine	(F) Melprex	1000	1500	5
2,2-DPA	(H) Dowpon Propon	3860-9330	No apparent toxicity	Ex
DSMA	(H) Passtox Pasma Antipas Methan	1800 - 2800	No apparent toxicity	6
Endosulfan	(I) Thiodan Endosan	35	74-680	6
Endrin	(I) Endrin	7-18	60-120	6
Ethephon	(G) Ethrel	4229	5730	5
Ethion	(I) various	208	915	7
Ethofumesate	(H) Norton Tramat	6400	1440	5
Fenamiphos	(I) Nemacur	15.3	500	6,7
Fenarimol	(F) Rubigan	2500	2000	5
Fenitrothion	(I) Folithion Sumithion	130-200	700	6
Fenthion	(I) Lebaycid Baytex	200	150	6,5
Fenvalerate	(I) Sumicidin	451	2000	6
Fluometuron	(H) Cotoran	8900	10,000	Ex
Folpet	(F) Phaltan	10,000	22,600	Ex
Glyphosate	(H) Roundup	4320	7940	5
Guazatine	(F) Panoctine	230-260	1100	6
Heptachlor	(I) various	100	195	6
Hexaflurate	(H) Nopalmate	1200	10,000	6
Formothion	(I) Anthio	400	400-1680	Ex
Iodofenpos	(I) Alfracron	2100	2000	5
Ioxynil	(H) Totril	110-305	210	6
Lindane	(I) various	88	1000	6
Linuron	(H) Afalon Lorox	1000-4000	No apparent toxcity	Ex
Maldison	(I) Malathion	1400-1900	4000	6,5,2
Mancozeb	(F) Dithane	8000	Not available	5
Maneb	(F) "maneb"	6750	Not available	5
MCPA	(H) Methone Methex Methoxone Toloxone	800	1000	5
MCPB	(H) Tropotox	680	1000	5
Mecoprop	(H) Clovoxal	650-1500	Not available	5
Mefluidide	(H) Embark	4000	4000	Ex
Metalaxyl	(F) Ridomil	669	3100	5
Methabenzthiazuron	(H) Tribunil	2500	500	5
Methamidophos	(I) Tamaron Nitofol	30	50-110	7
Methidathion	(I) Supracide Ultracide	20-48	25-400	7
Methiocarb	(I) Mesurol	100	350-400	5
Methomyl	(I) Lannate	27	1600	7
Metiram	(F) Polyram Combi	3330	Not available	5
Metolachlor	(H) Dual	2780	3170	5
Metribuzin	(H) Sencor Lexone	2200	1000	5
Mevinphos	(I) Phosdrin	3-5	5-30	7
Molinate	(H) Ordram	501-720	2000	6
Monocrotophos	(I) Azodrin Nuvacron	13-23	122-700	7
MSMA	(H) MSMA Daconate	700-1800	No apparent toxicity	6
Naled	(I) Dibrom	250-430	800-1100	6,5
Napropamide	(H) Devrinol	5000	4640	Ex
Nitralin	(H) Planavin	6000	2000	Ex
Omethoate	(I) Folimat Le-mat	50	700	7,6
Oxythioquinox	(IF) Morestan	1100-3000	1000	5
Paraquat	(H) Gramoxone	100-200	80-480	7,6
Parathion	(I) FolidolE605 Paramul Niran	3-6	4-35	7
Parathion-methyl	(I) FolidolM50 NiranM50	12-16	67	7
Pendimethalin	(H) Stomp	310-4430	5000	5
Permethrin	(I) Ambush	4000	2000	6
Phenmedipham	(H) Betanal	8000	4000	Ex
Phosmet	(I) Imidam	230	3160	6
Phosphamidon	(I) Dimecron	15	125	7
Picloram	(H) Tordon	8200	4000	Ex
Pirimiphos-methyl	(I) Actellic	2050	2000	6
Profenofos	(I) Curacron	358	3300	6
Promecarb	(I) Carbamult	35	450-2000	7,6
Prometryn	(H) Gesagard	3150-3750	10,000	5
Propanil	(H) StamF34	1400	7080	5
Propineb	(F) Antracol	8500	1000	5
Propoxur	(I) Baygon	80	2400	5,6
Pyrazophos	(F) Afugan	140	2000	6
Simazine	(H) Gesatop Simadex	5000	8160	Ex
Sodium	(R) Compound 1080 fluoroacetate	0.22	Not available	7
Strychnine	(R) Strychnine	20	Not available	6
Sulfallate	(F) Vegadex	850	2200-2800	6
Sulphur	(F) Sulphur		No apparent toxicity	Ex
Sulprophos	(I) Helothion	304	1000	6
SSS-tributyl phosphorthiolate	(H) DEF defoliant	150-325	168-1000	6
2,4,5-T	(H) Butoxone Trimex	300	Not available	6
Temephos	(I) Abate	1000-8600	1370-4000	4
Tetradifon	(I) Tedion Masta-mite	14,700	10,000	6
Thallium	(R) Thallium sulphate	16	Not available	7
Thiobencarb	(H) Saturn	1300	2900	5
Thiometon	(I) Exatin	120-130	1000	6
Thiophanate-methyl	(F) Topsin			Ex
Thiram (TMTD)	(F) Thiram	375-1000	2000	6
Triadimefon	(F) Bayleton	568	1000	6
Tri-allate	(H) Avadex BW	800-2161	2225-4050	5
Trichlorfon	(I) Dipterex Klorfon Lepidex	650	5000	6
Tridemorph	(F) Calixin	1100	1800	6
Trifluralin	(H) Treflan Tridan Triflurex Tribal	10,000	No apparent toxicity	Ex
Triforine	(F) Saprol	6000	10,000	Ex
Vamidothion	(I) Kilval	100-105	1160	6
Zineb	Zineb	5200	Not available	5
Ziram	(F) Ziram	1400	Not available	5

Leongatha

Intensive Agriculture less than 1km upstream of Leongatha's water supply.

Poorly maintained plantations in close proximity to Leongatha's water supply. No buffers on creeks.

Agriculture just over 1km upstream from the main reservoir that supplies Korumburra with drinking water.

Telodrin Horror Story, Heytsbury area, south western Victoria 1963

Source: Conservation of Australian Amphibian and Reptile Communities by P.A. Rawlinson Proceedings of the Melbourne Herpetological Symposium Zoological Board of Victoria; July 1981.

"... For example, Littlejohn, Watson and Loftus-Hills (1971) reported a previously unsuspected zone of contact hybridization between Geocrinia Laevis and G. Victoriana in the Heytesbury area of south-western Victoria. Unknown to the authors (and to the Victorian public at large), this area was involved in an extensive, but little publicized, 'pesticide incident' in 1963. Although the 'incident' was not well documented publicly, a brief account was published in the 'Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Effects of Pesticides in Victoria' (1966) and additional information was provided by Belcher (1980).

In the early 1960s extensive areas around Heytesbury were cleared of natural vegetation and sown with introduced grasses for conversion to dairy pasture. Insect pests, especially underground grass caterpillars and Oxycanus grubs, invaded the pastures and by early 1963 were causing considerable damage. A ready solution seemed at hand, however, for in autumn 1962 the Victorian Agricultural Department had experimented with a new persistent organo-chlorine pesticide 'Telodrin' (isobenzan) in the Yanakie district of Gippsland and successfully controlled outbreaks of underground caterpillars in pasture. Even better, Telodrin proved so persistent at Yanakie that in treated areas no new infestations were reported and additional spraying was not necessary. Unfortunately for the Heytesbury area, the Agriculture Department's experiments did not extend to the pesticide's effects on non-target species or the environment. After the successful Yanakie experiments Telodrin was registered for use in Victoria on pastures to control underground pests. This is puzzling as Telodrin, a close relative of Dieldrin, Endrin and Aldrin, was not registered for use in most countries after it proved to be highly persistent and up to ten times more toxic than Dieldrin in experimental animals (Jager, 1970). In fact Dieldrin and Aldrin were under fire by 1962 because of their high toxicity and persistence, and in the United States their registrations for most uses were cancelled in 1971 (Caswell, 1980).

In February 1963 pastures on a large number of farms in the Heytesbury areas were treated with Telodrin to control heavy infestations of underground grass caterpillars and Oxycanus grubs. Pastures in the area not sprayed in February were sprayed in late March and early April. It soon became apparent that the human ecosystem had become contaminated as a few weeks after spraying nervous symptoms developed in dairy cattle feeding from the pastures and a number of calves died. Rabbits feeding from the pastures died in numbers and deaths occurred amont dogs and cats in the area, apparently after eating Telodrin-poisoned rabbits. Finally nervous symptoms appeared in adults and babies after consumption of local milk, and the Departments of Agriculture and Health launched an investigation into the human health aspects. Substantial contamination of animal tissues with Telodrin was confirmed by electron capture gas chromatography on 28th May and extensive sampling revealed wide-spread contamination of pastures, animals and farm produce. As reports of nervous symptoms continued to surface in June, all milk from the area was withheld from sale for human use in July. The contaminated milk was sold for use in caesin and soap manufacture.

From July 1963 onwards 90 Heytesbury farms were monitored at fortnightly or monthly intervals for Telodrin levels in milk. As soon as they fell below an arbitary level of 0.02 parts per million, the milk was allowed to re-enter the market for human consumption, and the farm was declared free. On this basis all farms were declared free by April 1964 and regular monitoring for Telodrin was restricted to milk; no monitoring was carried out on animal fat or meat in spite of the fact that carcasses were sold for human consumption. More importantly no continual monitoring of soil was carried out and it is probable that substantial amounts persisted in the soil for at least a decade. Tragically the effects on wildlife were not documented in spite of the fact that many species were known to have been killed including magpies, quail and ravens..."

Pesticide Side Effects - Damage Caused By Aerial Spraying 1965

Department of Agriculture - Seasonal Horticultural Conditions for December 1965.

Vines: ... Hormone damage has affected growth yields on Swan Hill vineyards...

1966 Herbicide Damage to Crops Swan Hill District: Dmagae reported at South Woorinen, Woorinen, vinifera, Wood Wood, Goodnight, Koraleigh...

"Extensive damage, presumable due to 2,4-D has occurrred this year to horticultural crops, particularly sultanas, in the Swan Hill district, including substantial loss of yield in some places... There is little doubt that the bulk of the damage can be attributed to aerial spraying of cereals within a few miles of the affected vines... The conclusions drawn suggest that aerial spraying should be discouraged within four miles of sultanas and currents during their growing period and that the Murray River is not necessarily an adequate buffer... NSW Department of Sprays.

Mid Murray Valley District Council ADFA Woorinen 29 November 1966

... This association desires to bring to your notice the widespread effects on vineyards and tomato plantations from what is thought to be aerial spraying of adjacent wheat crops. Although every vineyard reports distortion of leaves and failure of bunches to set their berries ... one factr that needs invesigation is the use of helicopters for this work. It is claimed that the drifts is much further with helicopters than with ordinary crop dusting planes. This may be because helicopters can operate in weather which would ground the ordinary plane, and that helicopter creates conditions which themselves cause drift...

Various Observations

This is a view of the upper reaches of the Konong Wootong Reservoir in western Victoria, which supplies drinking water to the town of Coleraine. The use of pesticides in land managed for sheep and cattle production is significantly less than that used in horticulture. At this site however, buffers of native vegetation to protect this ephemeral drainage line are non-existent.

In some grazing country, herbicide use would be almost negligible, thereby decreasing risks associated with pesticide runoff into reservoirs. Konong Wootong catchment. Note lack of vegetative buffers on drainage lines.

Jan 07: Bluegum plantations in close proximity to this drain.

March 2007: Herbicide spraying (Roundup) on Melbourne railway station. Huge amounts of pesticides are also applied in cities in a variety of locations.

April 2007: Spraying of drains and roadside vegetation, near W-Tree, East Gippsland. Runoff into local dams or drianage lines?

ditto

April 2007: More roadside spraying and knockout of indigenous grasses. W-Tree East Gippsland.

 

October 2006: Middle Creek - Strzelecki Ranges. Roadside spraying up to bridge.

 

October 2006: Clear Creek Road in the Strzelecki Ranges. Drainage areas are also sprayed. What is the effect of this in the event of heavy rainfall?

October 2006: Clear Creek Road in the Strzelecki Ranges. Tarwin River East Branch and Clear Creek catchments. Domestic water supply for the town of Meeniyan. Roadside spraying occurs throughout vast stretches of bitumen roads, in this case in the South Gippsland Shire. It supposedly stops the weeds from growing under and cracking the bitumen.

29 May 2007 Chemical cocktail Leslie White Gippsland Times

WATER from the Latrobe River has registered what is believed to be one of the highest levels of antibiotics and anti-inflammatories detected in any river system in the world.

Private testing conducted at 15 sites in rivers and drains around the Macalister Irrigation District has discovered a cocktail of antibiotics and anti-inflammatories used in dairyfarming.

The tests found large amounts of oxytetracycline, a propellant used in the application of anti-inflammatories. The anti-parasitic agent DEET, which is also used to wash down dairy sheds, was found at all 15 sites tested.

No testing was conducted in the Macalister River, which is also part of the MID and from which Maffra draws its urban water supply. Gippsland Water has confirmed previously it does not test Maffra's water for chemicals or pharmaceuticals.

Dr Peter Fisher, a lecturer in water management at the University of Central Queensland, will detail the results of his study in a report to the international publication Journal of Cleaner Production.

Dr Fisher told the Gippsland Times he was "stunned" by the levels found in the Latrobe. "Of reported cases I know of, it's the highest," he said. "We did take one sample out of the Latrobe River about 15 kilometres from ... Lake Wellington, we were stunned by the figure. "It was an extraordinary level given the vast quantity of water in the river at that stage." The testing was carried out during calving season and was funded by philanthropic body the Sidney Myer Foundation.

Dr Fisher said it was difficult to tell what effects the antibiotics would have on river health, on humans or animals which consumed the water or on aquatic life in the Gippsland Lakes. "Recent work has established some contaminants at low concentrations have no impact, but when mixed with others a synergy effect occurs and they may well have an impact," Dr Fisher said. "These chemicals are not acting independently, in some way they may combine not only with dairy industry chemicals and herbicides used in forestry but also pesticides used in places like Mirboo North on potato farms."

The testing targeted pharmaceuticals used in dairying and did not include any tests for pesticides and herbicides used in timber plantations or in crop farming.

Dr Fisher called for an agreed "safe level" for pharmaceuticals in waterways. "They're unregulated contaminants," he said.

"We need a targeted program, we need to test for them (pharmaceuticals and chemicals) in rivers, establish some benchmarks. "We're in the early days in understanding their impact on the environment and human health. "Traditionally the focus is on nutrients, not microcontaminants, as a whole they've never really been given much thought. "All that stuff is in the river system in the sediment, it doesn't follow that if something biodegrades it's necessarily less toxic."

Dr Fisher said the industry could reduce the risk of impact by implementing better systems of management for chemical use on farms.

Human Services stresses test samples not drinking water

A spokesperson for the Department of Human Services says the organisation is keen to see the results of local testing which found large amounts of antibiotics and anti-inflammatories in the Latrobe River.

The substances targeted in the private testing were those in use in dairying in the Macalister Irrigation District. "We will be looking to see these results when they are published and will follow up on the information contained in the report," the spokesperson said. "It is hard for the DHS to comment on a report it has not yet seen. "These test results are not from a drinking water supply ... people are not drinking the water which was tested as part of this study."

Maffra's water supply, on the other side of the MID, remains untested for chemicals, antibiotics and anti-inflammatories. The DHS spokesperson said each local water authority decided which tests should be undertaken to ensure water quality standards are met. These tests are detailed in a risk management plan based on local conditions, he added.

"Local water authorities know the local conditions," the spokesperson told the Gippsland Times.

Gippsland Water awaits full test results

GIPPSLAND Water submitted a written statement regarding the detection of antibiotics and anti-inflammatories in the Macalister Irrigation District. The testing did not include the Macalister River, from which Maffra takes its drinking water. The Gippsland Water statement is reproduced in full below: "Gippsland Water is concerned about any activities that occur in our catchment areas that have the potential to impact water quality.

We look forward to seeing the outcomes of the report, or any peer reviewed research that is conducted on water quality in our catchments. We encourage any researcher who is genuinely concerned about the outcomes of any investigation into water quality in our catchments to contact Gippsland Water, the Environment Protection Authority, the West Gippsland Catchment Management Authority or Southern Rural Water.

Gippsland Water needs to better understand the location of the sampling points relative to our offtakes for drinking water supplies before drawing any conclusions."

Gippsland Times 25/6/07 More calls for waterway tests Leslie White

A WORLD renowned professor has added to the calls for testing of waterways for chemicals and antibiotics.

Dr Tyrone Hayes, a biologist and herpetologist based at the University of California, told The Gippsland Times while visiting Australia last week almost undetectable levels of chemicals could have a profound effect on life in waterways when mixed together.

Dr Hayes has been featured in National Geographic magazine and will feature in an upcoming edition of News Weekly in the United States.

"A chemical like atrazine alone can have a profound effect at 0.1 of a part per billion," he said. "Mixed with other chemicals the effects are enhanced greatly. "In amphibians it can impact the immune system so they are unable to fight disease, it can result in impaired growth and the development of sexual abnormalities."

Dr Hayes said his work was mostly concerned with atrazine, symazine and hexazinone. Hexazinone is used locally by plantation companies in the woody weed killer Velpar.

Dr Hayes is about to begin research into glyphosphate, which has been used locally by Southern Rural Water to flush weeds from drains in its irrigation system.

"I firmly believe this is a very important area of research, management and policy has to catch up with this," he said.

"A doctor wouldn't prescribe medication without knowing other medications the patient was taking but we do that in the wild without knowing the interactions."

Sustainable Agricultural Communities Australia chair Rob Belcher also called for better testing for chemicals in waterways. "I'm not a green, I'm a full-blown farmer...I live in Gippsland," he said.

"The forestry industry uses triazines, they use symazine. "Forestry has a history of combining these chemicals with others - that's really dangerous. When you combine them you have a new chemical which hasn't been tested for safety.

"We're playing deadly serious games here." A professor of the Central Queensland University recently revealed to The Gippsland Times "stunning" results of testing carried out in the Latrobe River.

The testing found massive levels of oxytetracycline, an antibiotic used in dairying, and the anti-parasitic agent DEET.

Strawberry industry vows to crack down on use of pesticides The Age 4/12/08 by Kelly Burke

The Strawberry industry has vowed to crack down on growers overdoing the use of pesticides.

A report has found unacceptable levels of chemical residues in more than half the fruit tested.

The industry group Strawberries Australia has pledged to fund a laboratory to monitor produce from across the country, and to make the results public.

The chief executive of Strwberries Australia, Len O'Connor, said the new system would take about three months to set up. If produce exceeded the limits, growers would be notified and fined. "In severe cases farms will simply be shut down," he said.

Mr O'Connor said use of chemical sprays to control pests and diseases was standard practice, but it was up to individual growers to ensure their produce still met national food safety standards. Strawberry farms, most of them in Victoria and Queensland were already monitored regularly, he said, with all spray and harvesting documentation thouroughly checked.

But Mr O'Connor conceded that last week's report by the consumer watchdog Choice was of concern to growers that food safety and consumer health was first priority.

Of the 27 conventionally grown strawberry samples tested by Choice, three contained pesticide residues that exceeded legal limits or showed traces of banned pesticides.

Pesticide use in Victoria Summary Table

Details on pesticides sourced from the Pesticide Action Network

	Cropping	Grazing	Plantations	Nurseries Cut Flowers	Stone Fruit/Pome Fruit	Vegetables	Vineyards	Strawberries (Yarra Catchment)	Potatoes (Gippsland)	Canola (South west Vic)
2,4-D Amine	*	*							*
2,4-D Ester	*	*
2,4-DB		*
2,4-DB Acid	*
2,4-DB Sodium		*			*
6-Benzyladenine					*
Abamectin				*		*		*
Acephate				*
Alpha-Cypermethrin	*	*	*		*	*	*			*
Aluminium Phosphide	*
Aminoethoxyvinylglycine					*
Amitrole		*	*		*		*
Ammonium Thiocyanate		*				*
Asulam		*
Atrazine	*		*							*
Azamethiphos	*
Azinphos Methyl					*		*
Azoxystrobin						*			*
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawari				*		*	*
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki				*		*	*
	Cropping	Grazing	Plantations	Nurseries Cut Flowers	Stone Fruit/Pome Fruit	Vegetables	Vineyards	Strawberries (Yarra Catchment)	Potatoes (Gippsland)	Canola (South west Vic)
Benomyl						*
Beta - Cyfluthrin						*
Bifenthrin	*				*		*
Biferazate								*
Bitertanol				*	*			*
Boscalid								*
Bromacil						*
Bromoxynil	*	*					*
Bupirimate					*
Buprofezin							*
Captan					*			*
Carbaryl		*		*	*	*	*	*
Carbendazim	*				*
Carbetamide		*
Carfentrazone	*				*		*
Chlorfenapyr					*	*
Chloridazon						*
Chlorothalonil	*			*		*			*
Chlorpyrifos	*	*		*	*	*	*	*
Chlorpyrifos Methyl	*
	Cropping	Grazing	Plantations	Nurseries Cut Flowers	Stone Fruit/Pome Fruit	Vegetables	Vineyards	Strawberries (Yarra Catchment)	Potatoes (Gippsland)	Canola (South west Vic)
Chlorsulfuron	*
Chlorthal Dimethyl						*
Clethodim	*					*			*
Clodinafop	*
Clopyralid	*	*	*						*
Copper Hydroxide						*	*
Copper Octanoate							*
Copper Oxychloride			*			*	*
Copper Silicate							*
Copper Sulphate Tribasic					*		*
Cuprous Oxide						*	*
Cyanazine					*				*
Cyanimide					*
Cypermethrin	*
Cyprodinil							*
Daminozide				*
Deltamethrin						*
Diazinon		*					*
Dicamba	*	*
Dichlobenil				*			*
Dichlofluanid								*
	Cropping	Grazing	Plantations	Nurseries Cut Flowers	Stone Fruit/Pome Fruit	Vegetables	Vineyards	Strawberries (Yarra Catchment)	Potatoes (Gippsland)	Canola (South west Vic)
Dichlorvos	*
Diclofop-Methyl	*	*
Dicofol				*	*	*	*	*
Diflufenican	*	*					*
Dimethoate	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Dimethomorph						*	*
Diquat	*	*			*	*	*		*	*
Dithanion					*		*
Dithianon					*
Dithiocarbamates								*
Diuron	*	*				*	*
Dodine					*
Emamectin						*	*
Endosulphan	*				*			*		*
Esfenvalerate		*				*	*
Ethephon					*
Etridiazole				*
Fenamiphos						*	*
Fenarimol						*	*
Fenbutatin Oxide				*
	Cropping	Grazing	Plantations	Nurseries Cut Flowers	Stone Fruit/Pome Fruit	Vegetables	Vineyards	Strawberries (Yarra Catchment)	Potatoes (Gippsland)	Canola (South west Vic)
Fenhexanid							*
Fenitrothian	*	*					*
Fenoxycarb					*
Fenthion				*			*
Fenvalerate								*
Fipronil			*			*	*
Fluazifop - P	*	*		*			*			*
Fluazinam					*		*
Fludioxanil							*		*
Fluguinconazole	*
Flumetsulam	*	*
Fluproponate		*
Fluroxypyr		*							*
Flusilazole							*
Flutriafol	*
Fosetyl					*
Flutriafol	*
Fosetyl					*
Furalaxyl				*
Glufosinate Ammonium			*				*
	Cropping	Grazing	Plantations	Nurseries Cut Flowers	Stone Fruit/Pome Fruit	Vegetables	Vineyards	Strawberries (Yarra Catchment)	Potatoes (Gippsland)	Canola (South west Vic)
Glyphosate	*	*	*	*	*	*	*		*	*
Glyphosate as Isopropylamine Salt					*
Haloxyfop	*		*
Haloxyfop R		*					*			*
Hexaconazole					*		*
Hexazinone		*	*
Hexythiazox					*
Hydrogen Peroxide							*
Imazalil					*
Imazapic	*
Imazapyr	*
Imazethapyr	*
Imidacloprid	*	*		*	*	*
Indoxacarb						*	*	*
Ipriodione				*	*	*	*	*
Iron Delta							*
Isotaben							*
Isoxaben					*
Kresoxim Methyl					*
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	*	*
Lindane								*
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	*	*
	Cropping	Grazing	Plantations	Nurseries Cut Flowers	Stone Fruit/Pome Fruit	Vegetables	Vineyards	Strawberries (Yarra Catchment)	Potatoes (Gippsland)	Canola (South west Vic)
Linuron						*
Maldison		*		*	*	*	*	*
Mancozeb				*	*	*	*
MCPA		*							*
MCPA ester	*	*
MCPA Potassium Salt		*
MCPB Sodium		*
Metalachlor		*					*
Metalaxyl							*		*
Metalaxyl-M						*	*
Metaldehyde					*	*	*
Metarhizium							*
Methabenzthiazuron		*				*
Methamidophos						*			*
Metham Sodium						*
Methidathion	*	*		*			*	*
Methiocarb				*		*	*
	Cropping	Grazing	Plantations	Nurseries Cut Flowers	Stone Fruit/Pome Fruit	Vegetables	Vineyards	Strawberries (Yarra Catchment)	Potatoes (Gippsland)	Canola (South west Vic)
Methomyl		*			*	*	*	*
Methoprene	*
Methyl Bromide				*				*
Metiram					*	*	*
Metosulam	*		*
Metribuzin	*					*			*
Metsulfuron Methyl	*	*	*
Myclobutanil							*	*
NAA					*
Napropamide							*	*
Napthalene acetic acid					*
Norfurazon							*
Omethoate	*	*		*
Oryzalin				*			*
Oxadixyl							*
Oxldiazon				*
Oxycarboxin				*
Oxyfluorfen			*				*
Paclobutrazol				*	*
Paraquat	*	*			*	*	*		*	*
	Cropping	Grazing	Plantations	Nurseries Cut Flowers	Stone Fruit/Pome Fruit	Vegetables	Vineyards	Strawberries (Yarra Catchment)	Potatoes (Gippsland)	Canola (South west Vic)
Parathion Methyl					*	*	*		*
Penconazole							*
Pendimethalin	*				*	*	*
Permethrin				*		*
Peroxy Acetic Acid							*
Petroleum Oil							*
Phosmet		*
Phosphine	*
Phosphurus Acid							*
Picloram		*
Piperonyl Butoxide							*
Pirimicarb		*		*	*	*
Potassium Bicarbonate							*
Prochloraz				*		*
Procymidone						*	*
Prometryn		*				*
Propachlor						*
Propargite				*	*	*
Propargyl Bromide	*
Procymidone						*	*
	Cropping	Grazing	Plantations	Nurseries Cut Flowers	Stone Fruit/Pome Fruit	Vegetables	Vineyards	Strawberries (Yarra Catchment)	Potatoes (Gippsland)	Canola (South west Vic)
Propachlor						*
Propiconazole					*
Propineb						*
Propyzamide						*
Prothiofos					*
Pymetrozine						*
Pyraclostrobin							*
Pyrazophos						*
Pyrethrins							*
Pyretozine					*
Pyrimethanil				*			*	*
Quinoxyfen							*
Quintozene				*
Quizalofop-p-ethyl	*						*
Quizalofop P-terfuryl							*
Sethoxydim	*	*		*				*
Simazine	*	*	*	*	*	*	*			*
S-Methoprene	*					*
	Cropping	Grazing	Plantations	Nurseries Cut Flowers	Stone Fruit/Pome Fruit	Vegetables	Vineyards	Strawberries (Yarra Catchment)	Potatoes (Gippsland)	Canola (South west Vic)
S-Metochlor		*
Spinosad						*	*
Spiroxamine							*
Sulfometuron Methyl			*
Sulphur						*	*
Tau-fluvalinate				*		*
Tebuconazole	*						*
Tebufenozide							*
Tebufenpyrad				*
Terbacil			*
Terbutryn	*	*
Tetraconazole							*
Tetradecadienyl Acetate							*
Tetradecenyl Acetate							*
Triclopyr		*	*
Thiodicarb								*
Thiophanate Methyl				*
Thiram	*			*	*		*
Tralkoxydim	*
Triadimefon							*
Triadimenol	*						*
Tri-allate	*
Triasulfuron	*
Tribasic Copper Sulphate					*
Trichlorfon		*					*
Trichoderma							*
Trifloxystrobin							*	*
Trifluralin	*					*	*
Triforine				*
Triticonazole	*
Zineb				*			*
Ziram				*	*		*

 

Pesticides Registered for Use in Strawberries in Victoria. Details on pesticides sourced from the Pesticide Action Network

Carcinogens 5 (19%) Possible Carcinogens 6 (23%), Cholinesterase Inhibitors 7 (27%), GW Contaminants 8 Potential (31%), Developmental or Reproductive Toxins 4 (15%), Endocrine Disruptors 10 (Suspected) (38%).

	Type		PAN BAD ACTOR	ACUTE TOXICITY	CARCINOGEN	CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR	GROUND WATER CONTAMINANT	DEVELOPMENTAL OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXIN	ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR
Abamectin	Botanical	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	Yes	?
Biferazate	Unclassified	I	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Bitertanol	Azole	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Boscalid	Anilide	F	Not Listed	?	Possible	No	?	?	?
Captan	Thiophthalimide	F	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	?	?	?
Carbaryl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Chlorpyrifos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	?	?	Suspected
Dichlofluanid		F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Dicofol	Organochlorine	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Dimethoate	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	Yes	?
Dithiocarbamates	Dithiocarbamate	F	Not Listed	Slight	Unclassifiable	No	?	?	?
Endosulphan	Organochlorine	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	?	Suspected
Fenvalerate	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	Moderate	Unclassifiable	No	?	?	Suspected
Indoxacarb	Unclassified	I	Not Listed	Moderate	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Iprodione	Dicarboximide	F	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Lindane	Organochlorine	I/R	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	?	?	Suspected
Maldison	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Moderate	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Methidathion	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	?
Methomyl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Methyl Bromide	Halogenated Organic	F/I/H/N	Yes	Yes	Unclassifiable	No	?	Yes	?
Myclobutanil	Azole	F	Yes	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	Yes	?
Napropamide	Amide	H	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	Potential	?	?
Pyrimethanil	Pyrimidine	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Sethoxydim	Cyclohexenone Derivative	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Trifloxystrobin	Strobin	F	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Thiodicarb	Methyl-Carbamate	M/I	Yes	Moderate	Yes	Yes	?	?	?

Commonly Used Pesticides Used in the Cropping Industry in Victoria. Details on pesticides sourced from the Pesticide Action Network

Total 63: Carcinogens 6 (9.5%) Possible Carcinogens 16 (25%), Cholinesterase Inhibitors 8 (12.7%), GW Contaminants Yes 3 (5%) Potential 18 (28.5%), Developmental or Reproductive Toxins 12 (19%), Endocrine Disruptors 10 (Suspected) (39%).

	Type		PAN BAD ACTOR	ACUTE TOXICITY	CARCINOGEN	CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR	GROUND WATER CONTAMINANT	DEVELOPMENTAL OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXIN	ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR
2,4-D Amine	Chlorophenoxy acid or ester	H	Not Listed	?	Possible	No	?	?	?
2,4-D Ester	Chlorophenoxy acid or ester	H	Not Listed	?	Possible	No	?	?	?
(24-DB Acid)	Chlorophenoxy acid or ester	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	?	Yes	?
Alpha-Cypermethrin	Pyrethoid	I	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	?	?	Suspected
Aluminium Phosphide	Inorganic	F	Yes	Yes	?	No	?	?	?
Atrazine	Triazine	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Yes	?	Suspected
Azamethiphos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Slight	?	Yes	?	?	?
Bifenthrin	Pyrethoid	I	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Bromoxynil	Hydrobenzo Nitrate	H	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	?	Yes	?
Carbendazim	Benzimidazole	F	Not listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Carfentrazone-ethyl	Unclassified	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Chlorothalonil	Substituted Benzene	F	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Potential	?	?
Chlorpyrifos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	?	?	Suspected
Chlorpyrifos-methyl	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Not Likely	Yes	?	?	?
Chlorsulfuron	Sulfonylurea	H	Yes	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	Yes	?
Clethodim	Cyclohexenone derivative	H	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	Potential	?	?
Clodinafop	Aryloxxyphenoxy propionic acid	PGR	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Clopyralid	Pyridine Carboxylic acid	H	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Cypermethrin	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	?	Possible	No	?	?	?
Dicamba	Benzoic Acid	H	Yes	Slight	Unclassifiable	No	Potential	Yes	?
Dichlorvos (DDVP)	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	?
Diclofop-methyl	Chlorophenoxy acid or ester, Aryloxphenoxy propionic acid	Y	Yes	Mod	Yes	No	?	Yes	?
Diflufenican	Anilide	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Dimethoate	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	Yes	?
Diquat	Bipyridylium	H	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Diuron	Urea	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	?
Endosulphan	Organochlorine	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	?	Suspected
Fenitrothion	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	?	?	Suspected
Fluazifop-p (butyl)	Aryloxphenoxy Propionic Acid	H	Yes	Slight	?	No	Potential	Yes	?
Flumetsulam	Triazolopyrimidine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Fluquinconazole	Azole	F	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Flutriafol	Azole	F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Glyphosate	Phosphonoglycine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Haloxyfop	Aryloxyphenoxy Propionic Acid	H	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	?	?	?
Imazapic	Imidazolinone	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Imazapyr	Imidazolinone	H	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Imazethapyr	Imidazolinone	H PGR	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Imidachloprid	Chloronicotinyl	I	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	Mod	Unclassifiable	No	?	?	Suspected
MCPA ester	Chlorophenoxy Acid or Ester	H	Not Listed	?	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Methidathion	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	?
Methoprene	InsectGrowth Regulator		Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Metosulam	Triazolopyrimdine	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Metribuzin	Triazinone	H	Yes	Mod	Unclassifiable	No	Potential	Yes	Suspected
Metsulfuron-methyl	Sulfonylurea	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Omethoate	Organophosphorous	I	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	?	?	?
Paraquat	Bipyridylium	H	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Pendimethalin	2,6 Dinitroaniline	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Phosphine	Inorganic	F/I	Not Listed	Mod	Unclassifiable	No	?	?	?
Propargyl Bromide	Halogeneated Organic		Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Quizalofop-p-ethyl	Arloxphenoxy Propionic Acid	H	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Sethoxydim	Cyclohexenone Derivative	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Simazine	Triazine	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	Yes	Suspected
S-Methoprene	Insect Growth Regulator		Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Tebuconazole	Azole	F	Not Listed	Mod	Possible	No	Potential	?	?
Terbutryn	Triazine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	Potential	?	?
Tralkoxydim	Cyclohexenone derivative	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	?	?	?
Triadimenol	Azole	F	Not Listed	Mod	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Tri-allate	Thiocarbamate	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	Potential	?	?
Triasulfuron	Sulfonylurea	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Trifluralin	2,6-Dinitroaniline	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	?
Triticonazole	Azole	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Thiram	Dithiocarbamate	F	Yes	Mod	Unclassifiable	No	?	Yes	Suspected

Pesticides Registered for Use in Vineyards in Australia. Details on pesticides sourced from the Pesticide Action Network

Total 101: Carcinogens 10 (9.9%) Possible Carcinogens 26 (25.7%), Cholinesterase Inhibitors 13 (12.9%), GW Contaminants Yes 3 (2.9%) Potential 32 (31.7%), Developmental or Reproductive Toxins 15 (14.8%), Endocrine Disruptors 25 (Suspected) (24.7%).

	Type		PAN BAD ACTOR	ACUTE TOXICITY	CARCINOGEN	CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR	GROUND WATER CONTAMINANT	DEVELOPMENTAL OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXIN	ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR
Alpha-Cypermethrin	Pyrethoid	I	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	?	?	Suspected
Amitrole	Unclassified	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Ammonium Thiocyanate	Inorganic Synergist	H	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Azinphos-Methyl	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	?
Bacillus Thuringiensis subsp. aizawari	Microbial	I	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Bacillus Thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Microbial	I	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Bifenthrin	Pyrethoid	I	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Bromoxynil	Hydrobenzo Nitrate	H	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	?	Yes	?
Buprofezin	Unclassified	IGR	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Possible	No	?	?	?
Carbaryl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Carfentrazone-Ethyl	Unclassified	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Chlorpyrifos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	?	?	Suspected
Copper Hydroxide	Inorganic Copper	F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Copper Octanoate	Inorganic Copper	F	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Copper Oxychloride	Inorganic Copper	F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Copper Silicate	Inorganic Copper	I	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Copper Sulphate Tribasic	Inorganic Copper	F	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Cuprous Oxide	Inorganic Copper	F	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	?	?	?
Cyprodinil	Pyrimidine	F	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Diazinon	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	Yes	?
Dichlobenil	Substituted Benzene	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	Potential	?	?
Dicofol	Organochlorine	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Diflufenican	Anilide	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Dimethoate	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	Yes	?
Dimethomorph	Morpholine	F	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Diquat	Bipyridylium	H	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Dithianon		F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Diuron	Urea	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	?
Emamectin	Botanical	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Esfenvalerate	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	?	?	Suspected
Fenamiphos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	?
Fenarimol	Pyrimidine	F	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potenial	?	Suspected
Fenhexamid	Anilide	F	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Fenitrothion	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	?	?	Suspected
Fenthion	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	?
Fipronil	Pyrazole	I	Not Listed	Mod	Possible	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Fluazifop-P	Aryloxphenoxy Propionic Acid	H	Yes	Slight	?	No	Potential	Yes	?
Fluazinam	2,6-Dinitro Aniline	F	Not Listed	?	Possible	No	?	?	?
Fludioxonil		F	Not Listed	Slight	unclassifiable	No	Potential	?	?
Flusilazole	Azole	F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Glufosinate-Ammonium	Unclassified	H	Not Listed	?	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Glyphosate	Phosphonoglycine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Haloxyfop-R Methyl Ester	Aryloxyphenoxy propionic acid	H	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Hexaconazole	Azole	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Possible	No	?	?	?
Hydrogen Peroxide	Inorganic	F, M, H, R	Not Listed	?	Unclassifiable	No	?	?	?
Indoxacarb	Unclassified	I	Not Listed	Moderate	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Iprodione	Dicarboximide	F	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Iron edta	Chelating Agent/Snail Killer	H	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Isoxaben	Amide	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	Potential	?	?
Maldison	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Moderate	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Mancozeb	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Yes	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Metalaxyl	Xylylalanine	F	Not Listed	Moderate	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Metalaxyl-M	Xylylalanine	F	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Metaldehyde	Aldehyde	I/M	Not Listed	Moderate	Possible	No	Potential	?	?
Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum	Microbial	I	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Methidathion	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	?
Methiocarb	N-Methyl Carbamate	I/M	Yes	Yes	Unclassiable	Yes	Potential	?	?
Methomyl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Metiram	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Yes	No	Potential	Yes	Suspected
Myclobutanil	Azole	F	Yes	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	Yes	?
Napropamide	Amide	H	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	Potential	?	?
Norflurazon	Pyridazinone	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	?	?
Oryzalin	2,6-Dinitroaniline	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	?
Oxadixyl	Anilide	F	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	?
Oxyfluorfen	Diphenyl Ether	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	?
Paraffinic oil
Paraquat	Bipyridylium	H	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Parathion-methyl	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Unclassifiable	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Pendimethalin	2,6-Dinitroaniline	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Peroxy Acetic Acid	Inorganic	F,M,H, R	Yes	Yes	?	No	?	?	?
Petroleum oil	Petroleum Derivative	I, H, F, A	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Propineb	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F, M	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	Yes	?
Penconazole	Azole	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Phosphorous Acid	Inorganic	F/M	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Piperonyl Butoxide	Unclassified	Syn	Not Listed	Mod	Possible	No	Potential	?	?
Potassium Bicarbonate	Inorganic	F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Procymidone		F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Yes	No	?	?	Suspected
Pyraclostrobin	Strobin	F	Not Listed	?	Unclassifiable	No	?	?	?
Pyrethrins	Botanical	I	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	?
Pyrimethanil	Pyrimidine	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Quinoxyfen	Quinoline	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Quizalofop-P-ethyl	Arloxphenoxy Propionic Acid	H	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Quizalofop-P-tefuryl	Arloxphenoxy Propionic Acid	H	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	?	?	?
Simazine	Triazine	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	Yes	Suspected
Spinosad	Microbial	I	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Spiroxamine	Unclassified	F	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Sulfur	Inorganic	F/I	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Tebufenozide	Diacylhydrazine	I	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Tebuconazole	Azole	F	Not Listed	Mod	Possible	No	Potential	?	?
Tetraconazole	Azole	F	Yes	Mod	Yes	No	?	?	?
Tetradecenyl Acetate	Pheromone		Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Tetradecadienyl Acetate	Pheremone		Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Thiram	Dithiocarbamate	F	Yes	Mod	Unclassifiable	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Triadimefon	Azole	F	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	Potential	Yes	Suspected
Triadimenol	Azole	F	Not Listed	Mod	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Trichoderma harzianum	Microbial	F	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Trichlorfon	Organophosphorus	H	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	?	?	?
Trifoxystrobin	Strobin	F	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Trifluralin	2,6-Dinitroaniline	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	?
Zineb	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Unclassifiable	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Ziram	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	?	Yes	Suspected

Pesticides Registered for Use in Nurseries/Cut Flowers in Victoria. Details on pesticides sourced from the Pesticide Action Network

Total 43: Carcinogens 11 (25.6%) Possible Carcinogens 14 (32.6%), Cholinesterase Inhibitors 9 (20.9%), GW Contaminants Yes 1(2.3%) Potential 15 (34.8%), Developmental or Reproductive Toxins 14 (32.6%), Endocrine Disruptors 14(Suspected) (32.6%).

	Type		PAN BAD ACTOR	ACUTE TOXICITY	CARCINOGEN	CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR	GROUND WATER CONTAMINANT	DEVELOPMENTAL OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXIN	ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR
Abamectin	Botanical	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	Yes	?
Acephate	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Slight	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	?
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Microbial	I	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Bitertanol	Azole	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Carbaryl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Chlorothalonil	Substituted Benzene	F	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Potential	?	?
Chlorpyrifos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	?	?	Suspected
Daminozide	Plant Growth Regulator		Yes	Slight	Yes	No	?	?	?
Dichlobenil	Substituted Benzene	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	Potential	?	?
Dicofol	Organochlorine	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Dimethoate	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	Yes	?
Etridiazole	Azole	F	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	?	?	?
Fenbutatin oxide	Organotin Heavy Metal	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	Yes	?
Fenthion	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	?
Fluazifop-P	Aryloxphenoxy Propionic Acid	H	Yes	Slight	?	No	Potential	Yes	?
Furalaxyl	Xylylalanine	F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Glyphosate	Phosphonoglycine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Imidacloprid	Chloronicotinyl	I	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Ipriodione	Dicarboximide	F	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Maldison	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Moderate	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Mancozeb	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Yes	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Methidathion	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	?
Methiocarb	N-Methyl Carbamate	I/M	Yes	Yes	Unclassiable	Yes	Potential	?	?
Omethoate	Organophosphorous	I	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	?	?	?
Oryzalin h	2,6-Dinitroaniline	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	?
Oxadiazon	Unclassified	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	?	Yes	?
Oxycarboxin	Carboxamide	F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Paclobutrazol	Azole	PGR	Not Listed	Slight	Unclassifiable	No	?	?	?
Permethrin	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	Mod	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Pirimicarb	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	?	?	?
Prochloraz	Azole	F	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	?
Propargite	Unclassified	I	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	?	Yes	?
Pyrimethanil	Pyrimidine	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Quintozene	Substituted Benzene	F N A	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Sethoxydim	Cyclohexenone derivative	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Simazine	Triazine	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	Yes	Suspected
Tau-fluvalinate	Pyrethroid	I	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Tebufenpyrad	Pyrazole	I	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	?
Thiophanate Methyl	Benzimidazole Precursor	F	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	Yes	?
Thiram	Dithiocarbamate	F	Yes	Mod	Unclassifiable	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Triforine	Unclassified	F,I	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	?	Yes	?
Zineb	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Unclassifiable	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Ziram	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	?	Yes	Suspected

Pesticides Commonly Used in the Grazing Industry in Victoria. Details on pesticides sourced from the Pesticide Action Network

Total 53: Carcinogens 7(13.2%) Possible Carcinogens 16 (30.2%), Cholinesterase Inhibitors 12(22.6%), GW Contaminants Yes 6(11.3%) Potential 18 (33.9%), Developmental or Reproductive Toxins 10 (18.8%), Endocrine Disruptors 12(Suspected) (22.6%).

	Type		PAN BAD ACTOR	ACUTE TOXICITY	CARCINOGEN	CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR	GROUND WATER CONTAMINANT	DEVELOPMENTAL OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXIN	ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR
2,4-D Amine	Chlorophenoxy acid or ester	H	Not Listed	?	Possible	No	?	?	?
2,4-D Ester	Chlorophenoxy acid or ester	H	Not Listed	?	Possible	No	?	?	?
2,4-DB	Chlorophenoxy acid or ester	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	?	Yes	?
2,4-DB Sodium or Potassium Salts	Chlorophenoxy acid or ester	H	Not Listed	?	Possible	No	?	?	?
Alpha-Cypermethrin	Pyrethoid	I	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	?	?	Suspected
Amitrole	Unclassified	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Ammonium Thiocyanate	Inorganic Synergist	H	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Asulam	Other Carbamate	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Possible	No	?	?	?
Bromoxynil	Hydrobenzo Nitrate	H	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	?	Yes	?
Carbaryl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Carbetamide	Amide	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Chlorpyrifos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	?	?	Suspected
Clopyralid	Pyridine Carboxylic acid	H	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Diazinon	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	Yes	?
Dicamba	Benzoic Acid	H	Yes	Slight	Unclassifiable	No	Potential	Yes	?
Diclofop-methyl	Chlorophenoxy acid or ester, Aryloxphenoxy propionic acid	Y	Yes	Mod	Yes	No	?	Yes	?
Diflufenican	Anilide	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Dimethoate	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	Yes	?
Diquat	Bipyridylium	H	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Diuron	Urea	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	?
Esfenvalerate	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	?	?	Suspected
Fenitrothion	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	?	?	Suspected
Fluazifop-P	Aryloxphenoxy Propionic Acid	H	Yes	Slight	?	No	Potential	Yes	?
Flumetsulam	Triazolopyrimidine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Fluproponate
Fluroxypyr		H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Glyphosate	Phosphonoglycine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Haloxyfop-R Methyl Ester	Aryloxyphenoxy propionic acid	H	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Hexazinone	Triazinone	H	Yes	Yes	Unclassifiable	No	Yes	?	?
Imidacloprid	Chloronicotinyl	I	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Lambda-Cyhalothrin	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	Mod	Unclassifiable	No	?	?	Suspected
Maldison	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Moderate	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
MCPA	Chlorophenoxy Acid or Ester	H	Yes	Yes	Possible	No	?	?	?
MCPA Ester	Chlorophenoxy Acid or Ester	H	Not Listed	?	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
MCPA Potassium Salt	Chlorophenoxy Acid or Ester	H	Not Listed	?	Possible	No	?	?	?
MCPB Sodium	Chlorophenoxy Acid or Ester	H	Yes	?	Yes	No	?	?	?
Methidathion	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	?
Metolachlor	Chloroacetanilide	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	?	Suspected
s-Metochlor	Chloroacetanilide	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	?	Suspected
Methabenzthiazuron	Urea	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Methomyl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Metsulfuron-methyl	Sulfonylurea	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Omethoate	Organophosphorous	I	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	?	?	?
Paraquat	Bipyridylium	H	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Picloram	Pyridinecarboxylic Acid	H	Yes	Slight	Unclassifiable	No	Yes	?	?
Phosmet	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	?
Pirimicarb	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	?	?	?
Prometryn	Triazine	H	Yes	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	Yes	?
Sethoxydim	Cyclohexenone derivative	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Simazine	Triazine	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	Yes	Suspected
Terbutryne	Triazine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	Potential	?	?
Triclopyr	Chloropyridinyl	H	Not Listed	Slight	Unclassifiable	No	?	?	?
Trichlorfon	Organophosphorus	H	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	?	?	?

The following pesticides are some of the pesticidesused in pine plantations and bluegum plantations in Victoria (information on pesticides sourced from Pesticide Action Network; (Atrazine is used in some pine plantations, mostly in south western Victoria. Blue means exclusively used in Bluegums, Green means exclusively used in Pine Plantations, Yellow means used in both pine and hardwood.

Total 17: Carcinogens 2(11.7%) Possible Carcinogens 4(23.5%), Cholinesterase Inhibitors 1(5.8%), GW Contaminants Yes 3(17.6%) Potential 7(41.2%), Developmental or Reproductive Toxins 3(17.6%), Endocrine Disruptors 5(Suspected) (29.4%).

Type

PAN Bad Actor

Acute Toxicity

Carcinogen

Cholinesterase Inhibitor

Ground Water Contaminant

Developmental or Reproductive Toxin

Endocrine Disruptor

Alpha-Cypermethrin	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	Moderate	?	No	?	?	Suspected
Amitrole	Unclassified	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Atrazine	Triazine	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Yes	?	Suspected
Clopyralid	Pyridinecarboxylic Acid	H	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Dimethoate	Organophosphorous	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	Yes	?
Fipronil	Pyrazole	I	Not Listed	Moderate	Possible	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Glufosinate Ammonium	Unclassified	H	Not Listed	?	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Glyphosate	Phosphonoglycine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Haloxyfop	Aryloxyphenoxy Priopionic Acid	H	Not Listed	Moderate	?	No	?	?	?
Hexazinone	Triazinone	H	Yes	Yes	Unclassifiable	No	Yes	?	?
Metosulam	Triazolopyrimidine	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Metsulfuron Methyl	Sulfonylurea	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Oxyfluorfen	Diphenyl Ester	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	?
Simazine	Triazine	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	Yes	Suspected
Sulfometuron Methyl	Sulfonylurea	H	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	Potential	?	?
Terbacil	Uracil	H	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Not Likely	No	Potential	Yes	?
Triclopyr	Chloropyridinyl	H	Not Listed	Slight	Unclassifiable	No	?	?	?

Incomplete List of Pesticides Possibly Used in Apple and Pear Orchards in Yarra Catchment. Details on pesticides sourced from the Pesticide Action Network

Total 45: Carcinogens 9(20%) Possible Carcinogens 15(33.3%), Cholinesterase Inhibitors 9(20%), GW Contaminants Yes 1(2.2%) Potential 16(35.5%), Developmental or Reproductive Toxins 9(20%), Endocrine Disruptors 18(Suspected) 40%).

	Type		PAN BAD ACTOR	ACUTE TOXICITY	CARCINOGEN	CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR	GROUND WATER CONTAMINANT	DEVELOPMENTAL OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXIN	ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR
2,4-DB Sodium or Potassium Salts	Chlorophenoxy acid or ester	H	Not Listed	?	Possible	No	?	?	?
Alpha-Cypermethrin	Pyrethoid	I	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	?	?	Suspected
Amitrole	Unclassified	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Azinphos-Methyl	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	?
Bifenthrin	Pyrethoid	I	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Bitertanol	Azole	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Bupirimate	Pyrimidine	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Captan	Thiophthalamide	F	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	?	?	?
Carbaryl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Carbendazim	Benzimidazole	F	Not listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Carfentrazone-ethyl	Unclassified	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Chlorfenapyr	Pyrazole	I	Not Listed	Mod	Possible	No	?	?	?
Chlorpyrifos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	?	?	Suspected
Copper Sulphate Tribasic	Inorganic Copper	F	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Cyanamide	Inorganic	PGR	Yes	Yes	Possible	No	?	?	?
Dicofol	Organochlorine	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Dimethoate	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	Yes	?
Diquat	Bipyridylium	H	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Dithianon		F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Dodine	Guanidine	F,M	Yes	Yes	?	No	Potential	?	?
Endosulphan	Organochlorine	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	?	Suspected
Ethephon	Organophosphorus	PGR	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Unclassifiable	Yes	?	?	?
Fenoxycarb	Other Carbamate	I, IGR	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	Yes	?
Fluazinam	2,6-Dinitroaniline	F	Not Listed	?	Possible	No	?	?	?
Glyphosate	Phosphonoglycine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Glyphosate as Isopropylamine	Phosphonoglycine	H	Not Listed	?	?	No	Potential	?	?
Hexaconazole	Azole	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Possible	No	?	?	?
Hexythiazox	Unclassified	I G R	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	?
Imidacloprid	Chloronicotinyl	I	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Iprodione	Dicarboximide	F	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Maldison	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Moderate	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Mancozeb	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Yes	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Metaldehyde	Aldehyde	I/M	Not Listed	Moderate	Possible	No	Potential	?	?
Methomyl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Metiram	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Yes	No	Potential	Yes	Suspected
NAA	Naphthalene Acetic Acid Derivative	PGR	Yes	Yes	?	No	?	?	?
Paclobutrazol	Azole	PGR	Not Listed	Slight	Unclassifiable	No	?	?	?
Paraquat	Bipyridylium	H	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Parathion-methyl	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Unclassifiable	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Pendimethalin	2,6 Dinitroaniline	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Pirimicarb	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	?	?	?
Propargite	Unclassified	I	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	?	Yes	?
Simazine	Triazine	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	Yes	Suspected
Thiram	Dithiocarbamate	F	Yes	Mod	Unclassifiable	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Ziram	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	?	Yes	Suspected

Pesticides Commonly Used in the Vegetable Industry in Victoria. Details on pesticides sourced from the Pesticide Action Network

Total 64: Carcinogens 13(20.3%) Possible Carcinogens 16(25%), Cholinesterase Inhibitors 11(17.2%), GW Contaminants Yes 5(7.8%) Potential 26(40.6%), Developmental or Reproductive Toxins 15(23.4%), Endocrine Disruptors 25(Suspected) 39.1%).

	Type		PAN BAD ACTOR	ACUTE TOXICITY	CARCINOGEN	CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR	GROUND WATER CONTAMINANT	DEVELOPMENTAL OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXIN	ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR
Abamectin	Botanical	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	Yes	?
Alpha-Cypermethrin	Pyrethoid	I	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	?	?	Suspected
Azoxystrobin	Strobin	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Bacillus Thuringiensis subsp. aizawari	Microbial	I	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Bacillus Thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Microbial	I	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Benomyl	Benzimidazole	F	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Beta-Cyfluthrin	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	?	?	Suspected
Bromacil	Uracil	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	?	?
Carbaryl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Chlorfenapyr	Pyrazole	I	Not Listed	Mod	Possible	No	?	?	?
Chloridazon	Pyridazinone	H	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	Potential	?	?
Chlorothalonil	Substituted Benzene	F	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Potential	?	?
Chlorpyrifos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	?	?	Suspected
Chlorthal Dimethyl (DCPA)	Alkyl Phthalate	H	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Possible	No	Yes	?	?
Clethodim	Cyclohexenone derivative	H	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	Potential	?	?
Copper Hydroxide	Inorganic Copper	F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Copper Oxychloride	Inorganic Copper	F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Cuprous Oxide	Inorganic Copper	F	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	?	?	?
Deltamethrin	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	Mod	Unclassifiable	No	?	?	Suspected
Dicofol	Organochlorine	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Dimethoate	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	Yes	?
Dimethomorph	Morpholine	F	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Diquat	Bipyridylium	H	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Diuron	Urea	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	?
Emamectin	Botanical	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Esfenvalerate	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	?	?	Suspected
Fenamiphos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	?
Fenarimol	Pyrimidine	F	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potenial	?	Suspected
Fipronil	Pyrazole	I	Not Listed	Mod	Possible	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Glyphosate	Phosphonoglycine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Imidacloprid	Chloronicotinyl	I	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Indoxacarb	Unclassified	I	Not Listed	Moderate	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Iprodione	Dicarboximide	F	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Linuron	Urea	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Potential	Yes	Suspected
Maldison	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Moderate	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Mancozeb	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Yes	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Metalaxyl-M	Xylylalanine	F	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Metaldehyde	Aldehyde	I/M	Not Listed	Moderate	Possible	No	Potential	?	?
Methabenzthiazuron	Urea	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Methamidophos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	Yes	Suspected
Metham Sodium	Dithiocarbamate	F, H, F, M, A	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	?	Yes	?
Methiocarb	N-Methyl Carbamate	I/M	Yes	Yes	Unclassiable	Yes	Potential	?	?
Methomyl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Metiram	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Yes	No	Potential	Yes	Suspected
Metribuzin	Triazinone	H	Yes	Mod	Unclassifiable	No	Potential	Yes	Suspected
Paraquat	Bipyridylium	H	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Parathion-methyl	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Unclassifiable	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Pendimethalin	2,6 Dinitroaniline	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Permethrin	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	Mod	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Pirimicarb	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	?	?	?
Prochloraz	Azole	F	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	?
Procymidone		F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Yes	No	?	?	Suspected
Prometryn	Triazine	H	Yes	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	Yes	?
Propachlor	Chloroacetanilide	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	?	Yes	?
Propargite	Unclassified	I	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	?	Yes	?
Propyzamide	Amide	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	?
Pymetrozine	Triazine	I	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	?
Pyrazophos	Organophosphorus	F	Yes	Mod	?	Yes	?	?	?
Simazine	Triazine	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	Yes	Suspected
s-Metochlor	Chloroacetanilide	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	?	Suspected
Spinosad	Microbial	I	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Sulfur	Inorganic	F/I	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Tau-fluvalinate	Pyrethroid	I	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Trifluralin	2,6-Dinitroaniline	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	?

Pesticides Commonly Used in Stone and Pome Fruit Industries in Victoria. Details on pesticides sourced from the Pesticide Action Network

Total 60: Carcinogens 12(20%) Possible Carcinogens 15(25%), Cholinesterase Inhibitors 10(16.7%), GW Contaminants Yes 3(5%) Potential 18(30%), Developmental or Reproductive Toxins 15(25%), Endocrine Disruptors 18(Suspected) 30%).

	Type		PAN BAD ACTOR	ACUTE TOXICITY	CARCINOGEN	CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR	GROUND WATER CONTAMINANT	DEVELOPMENTAL OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXIN	ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR
6-Benzyladenine	Botanical	PGR	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Abamectin	Botanical	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	?	Yes	?
Aminoethoxyvinylglycine		PGR	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Asulam	Other Carbamate	H	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Possible	No	?	?	?
Azinphos-Methyl	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	?
Bifenthrin	Pyrethoid	I	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Carbaryl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Carbendazim	Benzimidazole	F	Not listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Chlorfenapyr	Pyrazole	I	Not Listed	Mod	Possible	No	?	?	?
Chlorothalonil	Substituted Benzene	F	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Potential	?	?
Chlorpyrifos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Mod	Not Likely	Yes	?	?	Suspected
Copper Hydroxide	Inorganic Copper	F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Copper Oxychloride	Inorganic Copper	F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Cuprous Oxide	Inorganic Copper	F	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	?	?	?
Cyprodinil	Pyrimidine	F	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Dimethoate	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Possible	Yes	Potential	Yes	?
Diquat	Bipyridylium	H	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Dithianon		F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Diuron	Urea	H	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	?
Dodine	Guanidine	F,M	Yes	Yes	?	No	Potential	?	?
Ethephon	Organophosphorus	PGR	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Unclassifiable	Yes	?	?	?
Fenarimol	Pyrimidine	F	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	Potenial	?	Suspected
Fenoxycarb	Other Carbamate	I, IGR	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	Yes	?
Fluquinconazole	Azole	F	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Flusilazole	Azole	F	Not Listed	Slight	?	No	?	?	?
Fosetyl		F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Glufosinate-Ammonium	Unclassified	H	Not Listed	?	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Glyphosate	Phosphonoglycine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Hexaconazole	Azole	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Possible	No	?	?	?
Imazalil	Azole	F	Yes	Mod	Yes	No	?	Yes	?
Imidacloprid	Chloronicotinyl	I	Not Listed	Mod	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Indoxacarb	Unclassified	I	Not Listed	Moderate	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Ipriodione	Dicarboximide	F	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Kresoxim Methyl	Strobin	F	Yes	Slight	Yes	No	Potential	?	?
Maldison	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Moderate	Possible	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Mancozeb	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Yes	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Methomyl	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Metiram	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Yes	No	Potential	Yes	Suspected
Naphthalene acetic acid		I, F, M	Not Listed	?	?	No	?	?	?
Norflurazon	Pyridazinone	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	?	?
Paraquat	Bipyridylium	H	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Parathion-methyl	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Unclassifiable	Yes	Potential	?	Suspected
Penconazole	Azole	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	?	?
Pendimethalin	2,6 Dinitroaniline	H	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Pirimicarb	N-Methyl Carbamate	I	Yes	Mod	Yes	Yes	?	?	?
Procymidone		F	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	Yes	No	?	?	Suspected
Propargite	Unclassified	I	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	?	Yes	?
Propiconazole	Azole	F	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	Potential	Yes	?
Prothiofos	Organophosphrus	I	Yes	Mod	?	Yes	?	?	?
Pyrimethanil	Pyrimidine	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Possible	No	?	?	Suspected
Simazine	Triazine	H	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	Yes	Yes	Suspected
Spinosad	Microbial	I	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Tau-fluvalinate	Pyrethroid	I	Yes	Not Acutely Toxic	?	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Tebufenpyrad	Pyrazole	I	Not Listed	Slight	Possible	No	?	?	?
Thiram	Dithiocarbamate	F	Yes	Mod	Unclassifiable	No	?	Yes	Suspected
Tribasic copper sulphate	Inorganic Copper	F A M	Not Listed	Mod	?	No	?	?	?
Triforine	Unclassified	F,I	Yes	Slight	Possible	No	?	Yes	?
Trifoxystrobin	Strobin	F	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Ziram	Dithiocarbamate Inorganic Zinc	F	Yes	Mod	Possible	No	?	Yes	Suspected

Pesticides Commonly Used in Potato Industry in Gippsland. Details on pesticides sourced from the Pesticide Action Network

Total 16: Carcinogens 1(6.2%) Possible Carcinogens 4(25%), Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0(0%), GW Contaminants Yes 1(6.2%) Potential 11(62.5%), Developmental or Reproductive Toxins 2(12.5%), Endocrine Disruptors 3(Suspected) 18.7%).

	Type		PAN BAD ACTOR	ACUTE TOXICITY	CARCINOGEN	CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR	GROUND WATER CONTAMINANT	DEVELOPMENTAL OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXIN	ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR
2,4-D	Chlorophenoxy Acid or Ester	H	Not Listed	Moderate	Possible	No	Potential	?	Suspected
Azoxystrobin	Strobin	F	Not Listed	Not Acutely Toxic	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Chlorothalonil	Substituted Benzene	F	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Potential	?	?
Clethodim	Cyclohexenone Derivative	H	Not Listed	Moderate	?	No	Potential	?	?
Clopyralid	Pyridinecarboxylic Acid	H	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Cyanazine	Triazine	H	Yes	Moderate	Possible	No	Yes	Yes	Suspected
Diquat	Bipyridylium	H	Not Listed	Moderate	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Fludioxinil		F	Not Listed	Slight	Unclassifiable	No	Potential	?	?
Fluroxypur		H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
Glyphosate	Phosphonoglycine	H	Not Listed	Slight	Not Likely	No	?	?	?
MCPA	Chlorophenoxy acid or ester	H	Yes	Yes	Possible	No	?	?	?
Metalaxyl	Xylylalanine	F	Not Listed	Moderate	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Methamidophos	Organophosphorus	I	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	Yes	Potential	?	?
Metribuzin	Triazinone	H	Yes	Moderate	Unclassifiable	No	Potential	Yes	Suspected
Paraquat	Bipyridylium	H	Yes	Yes	Not Likely	No	Potential	?	?
Permethrin	Pyrethroid	I	Not Listed	Moderate	Possible	No	?	?	?

Table giving breakdown of percentage of pesticides used in different land uses, with regard to health and ground water impacts. Top three in each category are in bold.

Land Use Type	Carcinogen	Possible Carcinogen	Cholinesterase Inhibitor	Ground Water Contaminants	Ground Water Contaminants Possible	Developmental Reproductive Toxin	Endocrine Disruptor	Total Pesticides Used
Strawberries - Yarra Valley?	19%	23%	27%	0%	31%	15%	38%	26
Cropping	9.5%	25%	12.7%	5%	28.5%	19%	39%	63
Vineyards	9.9%	25.7%	12.9%	2.9%	31.7%	14.8%	24.7%	101
Nurseries & Cut Flowers	25.6%	32.6%	20.9%	2.3%	34.8%	32.6%	32.6%	43
Grazing	13.2%	30.2%	22.6%	11.3%	33.9%	18.8%	22.6%	53
Plantations	11.7%	23.5%	5.8%	17.6%	41.2%	17.6%	29.4%	17
Pears & Apples Yarra Valley?	20%	33.3%	20%	2.2%	35.5%	20%	40%	45
Vegetable Industry	20.3%	25%	17.2%	7.8%	40.6%	23.4%	39.1%	64
Stone & Pome Fruits	20%	25%	16.7%	3.5%	30%	25%	30%	60
Potatoes Gippsland	6.2%	25%	0%	6.2%	62.5%	12.5%	18.7%	16