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EXPOSING DEVELOPERS WHO FAIL TO APPRECIATE AND RESPECT COMMUNITY, ENVIRONMENT AND SPIRIT OF THE LAND |
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According to the US EPA (http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw000/hfacts.html)
Disinfection byproducts form when disinfectants added to drinking water to kill germs react with naturally-occuring organic matter in water.
Total Trihalomethanes. Some people who drink water containing trihalomethanes in excess of EPA's standard over many years may experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous systems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Haloacetic Acids. Some people who drink water containing haloacetic acids in excess of EPA's standard over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Australian Guidelines are much higher than those accepted in the US and Europe: (THM Australia still 250ug/L, Whereas Europe 100ug/L & in USA its 80 ug/L)
In America, where the chlorine content has traditionally been high, there is a growing concern that byproducts formed during the chemical disinfection of drinking water could pose serious health risks. Last year, the possibility that these disinfection byproducts or DBPs might even cause miscarriages and birth defects received plenty of attention at an American Water Works Association annual meeting.
The purpose of chlorinating the water is to introduce residual hypochlorous acid and the hypochlorite ion. This residual is to prevent the regrowth of coliforms once the water is in the distribution system; avert the occurrence of opportunistic pathogens, so called by water engineers; as well as inhibiting the formation of organic crud in the pipes where such nasties can thrive. Recent American research has shown that organic matter can be as much as 12 per cent of pipe cross sections and suggests that the residual is ineffective against any bacteria lurking there. Regardless, there's a danger that the residual induces a false sense of health security. And countries such as the Netherlands have been able to deliver high-quality water without residuals focusing on best practice treatment systems, distribution and monitoring.
Unfortunately, chemical disinfection produces hundreds of DBPs when the chemical (usually chlorine, chlorine dioxide or chloramine) reacts with natural organic matter in the water. A number of epidemiological studies point to an association between DBPs in the water supply and various reproductive disorders, including miscarriage, impaired fetal growth and some birth defects. For instance, a study of 5,000 Californian women indicated an increased risk of first trimester miscarriage among those who drank more than five glasses of tap water a day in which the total tri-halomethanes (TTHMs), a regulatory indicator of DBP levels, exceeded 70 micrograms per litre. Whereas a USEPA panel found that ``evidence that DBPs cause adverse pregnancy outcomes does not yet exist'', it recommended continued epideminological research by the EPA.
The assumption had been that there was only a health risk if there had been long exposure to elevated levels. But as TTHMs, and DBPs in particular, can vary markedly according to temperature, residual chlorine concentration and location within the distribution system, consumers can be exposed to levels higher than official levels recorded at isolated points in the network. One American city alone recorded, on the same summer's day, a huge range in total trihalomethane levels from 10 to 150 micrograms per litre. So there's much uncertainty as to the level of DBPs to which people are being exposed. A further complication is that only half of the hundreds of DBPs in drinking water have thus far been characterised so their toxicological properties are unclear. Then there's the perennial problem that each chemical is supposed to be acting singly rather than in combination. To date, the effects identified in toxicological studies on single compounds are only being found at orders of magnitude higher than environmental levels.
The fluctuations in DBP levels, which put at risk the immune-compromised, children and the unborn, may persuade water agencies to change their disinfection processes. However, some water engineers still think it would be better if everyone drank bottled water.
UV irradiation systems, which damage the DNA of microbes thus preventing them from multiplying, are well established in Europe where there are about 2,000 installations. They are now finding favour in America where there are around 200. In Australia, the North East Region Water Authority's just-commissioned water treatment plant at Myrtleford, Victoria, represents the first significant installation of a UV-based system, supported by activated oxygen and carbon filtration.
Ozone treatment is also being considered in response to chlorine-based DBPs, although there can be some bromide-based DBPs. An Australian development, MIEX-DOC, developed by a consortium involving the CSIRO, removes natural organic matter and thus offers a means to reduce the level of DBPs formed when the water is chemically disinfected. Another trigger for switching out of chlorination is a new US federal rule requiring utilities to provide consumers with regular reports on the quality of their drinking water.
And there are indications that DBPs may enter the body through the skin while washing and bathing in chlorinated pools.
A senior scientist at the Co-operative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment recently identified the best utilities as those that have closed catchments ; distribution systems with good pressure; minimal bio-encrustations; no or few interconnections; careful line repair protocols; good separation from sewerage lines; regular flushing; continuous system monitoring; and a hydraulically modelled network. With this multiple barrier approach, the chances of viral, bacterial and protozoan contamination are largely eliminated, obviating the need for a residual in the supply system. Plugged into this armoury should be advanced treatment systems of the activated carbon/pulsed UV/ozone type.
A thorough multiple-barrier approach is going to cost Dutch prices are $3.00 a kilolitre compared with about 60 to 80 cents per litre locally but wouldn't you like the peace of mind? In the meantime, consumer concern might prompt the sale and further development of small disinfection and filtration unit as an alternative to residuals.
Meanwhile, chlorine is well on its way to acquiring rogue status. It's a highly toxic, reactive chemical, readily soluble and it strongly oxidises. Coupled with the emerging controversy over DBPs, the chlorination of water supplies and swimming pools faces a bleak future. And yet, linked with improved sanitation, it can take credit for the elimination of typhoid and cholera in the West.
(Published Australian Financial Review 9/7/99)
Manangatang 0.380mg/L GWMWater
Quambatook 0.360mg/L GWMWater
Boort 0.320mg/L Coliban Water
Lalbert 0.310mg/L GWMWater
Ultima 0.310mg/L GWMWater
Ouyen 0.300mg/L GWMWater
Wycheproof 0.300mg/L GWMWater
Haven 0.280mg/L GWMWater
Natimuk 0.280mg/L GWMWater
Nagambie 0.270mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Minyip 0.260mg/L GWMWater
Nullawil 0.260mg/L GWMWater
Cavendish 0.120mg/L Wannon Water
Manangatang 0.120mg/L GWMWater
Nagambie 0.120mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Gunbower 0.110mg/L Coliban Water
Lalbert 0.100mg/L GWMWater
Ouyen 0.100mg/L GWMWater
Manangatang 0.290mg/L GWMWater
Jung 0.240mg/L GWMWater
Beulah 0.220mg/L GWMWater
Ouyen 0.220mg/L GWMWater
Lalbert 0.210mg/L GWMWater
Nagambie 0.210mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Wycheproof 0.200mg/L GWMWater
Minyip 0.180mg/L GWMWater
Nullawil 0.180mg/L GWMWater
Rupanyup 0.170mg/L GWMWater
Woomelang 0.170mg/L GWMWater
Gunbower 0.170mg/L Coliban Water
Ultima 0.160mg/L GWMWater
Great Western 0.110mg/L GWMWater
Dartmouth 0.110mg/L North East Water
Walpeup 0.240mg/L GWMWater
Numurkah 0.043mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Nagambie 0.035mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Colbinabbin 0.022mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Longwood 0.022mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Pyalong 0.021mg/L Goulburn Murray Water
Ventnor 0.097mg/L Westernport Water
Cowes 0.088mg/L Westernport Water
Rhyll 0.084mg/L Westernport Water
San Remo 0.071mg/L Westernport Water
Cape Woolamai 0.066mg/L Westernport Water
Manangatang 0.850mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Lalbert 0.610mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Ultima 0.550mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Jung 0.490mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Wycheproof 0.480mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Glenthompson 0.480mg/L Wannon Water
Woomelang 0.430mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Beulah 0.420mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Ouyen 0.400mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Rupunyup 0.400mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Minyip 0.390mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Nagambie 0.350mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Horsham 0.300mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Quambatook 0.290mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Red Cliffs - 0.280mg/L Lower Murray Water
Donald 0.270mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Natimuk 0.270mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Walpeup 0.270mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Warracknabeal 0.270mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Dimboola 0.260mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Nullawil 0.260mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Cowes 0.260mg/L Westernport Water
Dunkeld 0.250mg/L Wannon Water
Robinvale 0.250mg/L Lower Murray Water
Rhyll 0.250mg/L Westernport Water
Ventor 0.250mg/L Westernport Water
Lalbert 0.330mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Manangatang 0.330mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Ultima 0.280mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Nagambie 0.210mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Glenthompson 0.180mg/L Wannon Water
Cavendish 0.140mg/L Wannon Water
Pyalong 0.120mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Barmah 0.110mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Manangatang 0.860mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Lalbert 0.560mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Ultima 0.540mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Nagambie 0.310mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Ouyen 0.300mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Glenthompson 0.250mg/L Wannon Water
Beulah 0.240mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Nullawil 0.230mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Woomelang 0.220mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Thornton 0.200mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Jung 0.190mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Minyip 0.190mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Great Western 0.180mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Rupunyap 0.170mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Wycheproof 0.170mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Pyalong 0.160mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Barmah 0.150mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Numurkah 0.140mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Cudgewa 0.110mg/L North East Water
Pyalong 0.065mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Nagambie 0.063mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Numurkah 0.051mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Alexandra 0.048mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Purnim 0.040mg/L Wannon Water
Stanhope 0.040mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Trawool 0.038mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Thornton 0.034mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Girgarre 0.033mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Cavendish 0.025mg/L Wannon Water
Barmah 0.025mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Tallarook 0.025mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Longwood 0.024mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Murchison 0.023mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Nathalia 0.023mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Dookie 0.022mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Seymour 0.022mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Mansfield 0.021mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Wunghnu 0.021mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Cowes 0.092mg/L Westernport Water
Rhyll 0.091mg/L Westernport Water
Ventor 0.090mg/L Westernport Water
Cape Woolami 0.088mg/L Westernport Water
San Remo 0.083mg/L Westernport Water
Grantville 0.073mg/L Westernport Water
Kilcunda 0.062mg/L Westernport Water
Lexton 0.790mg/L Central Highlands Water
Strathbogie 0.490mg/L Goulburn Valley Water REGULATED
Wycheproof 0.390mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Donald 0.350mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Quambatook 0.330mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Rupunyap 0.310mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Pyalong 0.310mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Inglewood 0.300mg/L Coliban Water
Thornton 0.280mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Minyip 0.270mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Bealiba 0.270mg/L Coliban Water
Balmoral 0.260mg/L Wannon Water
Coleraine 0.260mg/L Wannon Water
Springhurst 0.260mg/L North East Water
Grantville 0.260mg/L Westernport Water
Fish Creek 0.250mg/L Gippsland Water
Cavendish 0.130mg/L - 0.043mg/L [mean] Wannon Water
Thornton 0.120mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Bonnie Doon 0.110mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Nagambie 0.100mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Thornton 0.240mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Lexton 0.230mg/L Central Highlands Water
Springhurst 0.230mg/L North East Water
Beulah 0.180mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Woomelang 0.170mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Bonnie Doon 0.170mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Jung 0.150mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Cavendish 0.140mg/L – 0.022mg/L [mean] Wannon Water
Nagambie 0.140mg/L Goulburn Valley Water
Great Western 0.130mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Rupunyap 0.130mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Wycheproof 0.130mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Minyip 0.120mg/L Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water
Dartmouth 0.110mg/L North East Water
Cohuna 0.100mg/L Coliban Water
Gunbower 0.100mg/L Coliban Water
Grantville 0.082mg/L
Ventor 0.078mg/L
Cowes 0.074mg/L
Corinella 0.073mg/L
Rhyll 0.072mg/L
Cape Woolemai 0.063mg/L
Trichloroacetaldehyde (disinfectant by product [chloral hydrate]) 0.02mg/L
Chloral Hydrate (14: 2009/2010. 17: 2008/9)
Nagambie 45ug/L Goulburn Valley Water
Pyalong 40ug/L Goulburn Valley Water
Longwood 38ug/L Goulburn Valley Water
Bonnie Doon 31ug/L Goulburn Valley Water
Purnim 30ug/L [mean 20ug/L] [5 samples at 30ug/L] Wannon Water
Upper Delatite 27ug/L Goulburn Valley Water
Tallarook 26ug/L Goulburn Valley Water
Wunghnu 24ug/L Goulburn Valley Water
Girgarre 22ug/L Goulburn Valley Water
Cobden 20ug/L [mean 10ug/L] Wannon Water
Dunkeld 20ug/L [mean 10ug/L] Wannon Water
Simpson 20ug/L [mean 10ug/L] Wannon Water
Mortlake 10ug/L [mean 10ug/L] Wannon Water
Coleraine 10ug/L [mean 10ug/L] Wannon Water
2008/9 Woomelang Trihalomethanes 0.760mg/L GWMWater 3.04 times the ADWG
2008/9 Jung Trihalomethanes 0.750mg/L GWMWater 3.00 times the ADWG
4 August 2008 Lexton Trihalomethanes 0.670 mg/L Central Highlands Water 2.68 times the ADWG
2008/9 Minyip Trihalomethanes 0.660mg/L GWMWater 2.64 times the ADWG
2008/9 Coleraine Trihalomethanes 0.660mg/L Wannon Water 2.64 times the ADWG (12 readings above ADWG)
2008/9 Beulah Trihalomethanes 0.560mg/L GWMWater 2.24 times the ADWG
2008/9 Donald Trihalomethanes 0.530mg/L GWMWater 2.12 times the ADWG
2008/9 Murtoa Trihalomethanes 0.520mg/L GWMWater 2.08 times the ADWG
2008/9 Warracknabeal Trihalomethanes 0.510mg/L GWMWater 2.04 times the ADWG
7 October 2008 Majorca Trihalomethanes 0.500mg/L Central Highlands Water 2.00 times the ADWG
2008/9 Rupunyap Trihalomethanes 0.500mg/L GWMWater 2.00 times the ADWG
2008/9 Alma Trihalomethanes 0.490mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.96 times the ADWG
2008/9 Maryborough Trihalomethanes 0.480mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.92 times the ADWG
7 October 2008 Timor Trihalomethanes 0.470mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.88 times the ADWG
7/8 July 2008 Daisy Hill Trihalomethanes 0.440mg/l Central Highlands Water 1.76 times the ADWG
7 October 2008 Bet Bet Trihalomethanes 0.440mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.76 times the ADWG
2008/9 Wycheproof Trihalomethanes 0.440mg/L GWMWater 1.76 times the ADWG
2008/9 Quambatook Trihalomethanes 0.430mg/L GWMWater 1.72 times the ADWG
27 October 2008 Carisbrook Trihalomethanes 0.420mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.68 times the ADWG
11 November 2008 Daisy Hill Trihalomethanes 0.410mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.64 times the ADWG
7/8 July 2008 Carisbrook Trihalomethanes 0.400mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.60 times the ADWG
7/8 July 2008 Alma Trihalomethanes 0.380mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.52 times the ADWG
7/8 July 2008 Timor Trihalomethanes 0.380mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.52 times the ADWG
2008/9 Pyalong Trihalomethanes 0.380mg/L Goulburn Valley Water 1.52 times the ADWG
6 October 2008 Alma Trihalomethanes 0.370mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.48 times the ADWG
7 October 2008 Maryborough Trihalomethanes 0.370mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.48 times the ADWG
7/8/July 2008 Maryborough Trihalomethanes 0.360mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.44 times the ADWG
7 October 2008 Daisy Hill Trihalomethanes 0.360mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.44 times the ADWG
2008/9 Rainbow Trihalomethanes 0.360mg/L GWMWater 1.44 times the ADWG
11 November 2008 Maryborough Trihalomethanes 0.348mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.392 times the ADWG
2008/9 Bealiba Trihalomethanes 0.330mg/l Coliban Water 1.32 times the ADWG
2008/9 Serpentine Trihalomethanes 0.310mg/l Coliban Water 1.24 times the ADWG
2008/9 Hopetoun Trihalomethanes 0.3mg/L GWMWater 1.20 times the ADWG
11 November 2008 Timor Trihalomethanes 0.290mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.16 times the ADWG
9 October 2008 Rokewood Trihalomethanes 0.280mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.12 times the ADWG
11 November 2008 Majorca Trihalomethanes 0.280mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.12 times the ADWG
2008/9 Enfield Trihalomethanes 0.280mg/l Central Highlands Water 1.12 times the ADWG
6 November 2008 Rokewood Trihalomethanes 0.260mg/L Central Highlands Water 1.04 times the ADWG
2008/9 Charlton Trihalomethanes 0.260mg/L GWMWater 1.04 times the ADWG
11/2/09 Pyalong – Trihalomethanes – Goulburn Valley Water
11/3/09 Pyalong – Trihalomethanes – Goulburn Murray Water
Trichloroacetic Acid (9: 2008/9. 7: 2007/8)
2008/09 Thornton Trichloroacetic Acid 0.250mg/L Goulburn Valley Water 2.50 times the ADWG
2008/09 Buxton Trichloroacetic Acid 0.180mg/L Goulburn Valley Water 1.80 times the ADWG
2008/09 Upper Delatite Trichloroacetic Acid 0.150mg/L Goulburn Valley Water 1.50 times the ADWG
2008/9 Rupunyap Trichloroacetic Acid 0.150mg/L GWMWater 1.50 times the ADWG
2008/09 Bonnie Doon Trichloroacetic Acid 0.130mg/L Goulburn Valley Water 1.30 times the ADWG
2008/09 Nagambie Trichloroacetic Acid 0.100mg/L Goulburn Valley Water 1.00 times the ADWG
27/11/08 Upper Delatite – Trichloroacetic Acid – Goulburn Valley Water
10/3/09 Buxton – Trichloroacetic Acid Goulburn Murray Water
17/3/09 Thornton – Trichloroacetic Acid – Goulburn Valley Water
16/6/09 Thornton – Trichloroacetic acid – Goulburn Valley Water
Dichloroacetic Acid (3: 2008/9. 3: 2007/8)
2008/09 Thornton Dichloroacetic Acid 0.140mg/L Goulburn Valley Water 1.40 times the ADWG
2008/09 Buxton Dichloroacetic Acid 0.120mg/L Goulburn Valley Water 1.20 times the ADWG
19/5/09 Thornton – Dichloroacetic Acid – Goulburn Valley Water
Bromodichloromethane (5: 2008/9)
2008/9 Rhyll Bromodichloromethane 0.071mg/L Westernport Water 1.183 times the WHO
2008/9 Cowes Bromodichloromethane 0.07mg/L Westernport Water 1.167 times the WHO
2008/9 Grantville Bromodichloromethane 0.0066mg/L Westernport Water 1.10 times the WHO
2008/9 Ventor Bromodichloromethane 0.065mg/L Westernport Water 1.083 times the WHO
2008/9 Kilcunda Bromodichloromethane 0.062mg/L Westernport Water 1.033 times WHO
Chloral Hydrate (17: 2008/9)
22/7/08 Thornton – Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
7/8/2008 Thornton Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
16/9/2008 Thornton Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
15/10/2008 Longwood Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
11/11/2008 Upper Delatite Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
18/11/2008 Thornton Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
1/12/2008 Broadford Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
2/12/2008 Eildon Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
3/12/2008 Violet Town Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
6/1/2009 Eildon Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
10/2/2009 Upper Delatite Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
13/3/09 Thornton – Chloral Hydrate – Goulburn Valley Water
17/3/2009 Thornton Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
7/4/2009 Eildon Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
14/4/2009 Upper Delatite Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
13/5/2009 Longwood Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
10/6/2009 Longwood Chloral Hydrate Goulburn Valley Water
As well as the above list, the list below compiles communities in Victoria who had THM levels above >80mg/L (which is the US guideline for THM's in drinking water) in 2008/9. Note that these readings were maximum readings only.
Birchip 0.250mg/L (GWMWater), Great Western 0.250 mg/L (GWMWater), Cape Paterson 0.250 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Henty 0.240 mg/L (Wannon Water), Myrniong 0.239 mg/L (Western Water), Ventor 0.235 mg/L (Westernport Water), Horsham 0.230 mg/L (GWMWater), Longwood 0.230 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Grantville 0.228 mg/L (Westernport Water), Avoca 0.223 mg/L (Central Highlands Water), St.Arnaud 0.220 mg/L (GWMWater), Wonthaggi 0.220 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Haven 0.200 mg/L (GWMWater), Cavendish 0.220 mg/L (Wannon Water), Buxton 0.220 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Rhyll 0.212 mg/L (Westernport Water), Cowes 0.210 mg/L (Westernport Water), Thornton 0.200 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Fish Creek 0.200 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Inverloch 0.200 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Sandford 0.190 mg/L (Wannon Water), Goornong 0.190 mg/L (Coliban Water), Seaspray 0.190 mg/L (Gippsland Water), Kilcunda 0.186 mg/L (Westernport Water), Dimboola 0.180 mg/L (GWMWater), Clunes 0.180 mg/L (Central Highlands Water), Violet Town 0.180 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Nowa Nowa 0.180 mg/L (East Gippsland Water), Cape Woolamai 0.178 mg/L (Westernport Water), San Remo 0.177 mg/L (Westernport Water), Meredith 0.171 mg/L (Barwon Water), Purnim 0.170 mg/L (Wannon Water), Bonnie Doon 0.170 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Mallacoota 0.170 mg/L (East Gippsland Water), Lance Creek 0.170 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Merino 0.160 mg/L (Wannon Water), Beaufort 0.160 mg/L (Central Highlands Water), Springhurst 0.160 mg/L (North East Water), Upper Delatite 0.160 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Koonwarra 0.160 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Leongatha 0.160 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Meeniyan 0.160 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Toolern Vale 0.153 mg/L (Western Water), Balmoral 0.150 mg/L (Wannon Water), Casterton 0.150 mg/L (Wannon Water), Noorat/Glenormiston 0.150 mg/L (Wannon Water), Terang 0.150 mg/L (Wannon Water), Cohuna (Urban) 0.150 mg/L (Coliban Water), Dartmouth 0.150 mg/L (North East Water), Wallan 0.150 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Yarra Glen 0.150 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Corinella 0.144 mg/L (Westernport Water), Aireys Inlet 0.141 mg/L (Barwon Water), Manangatang 0.140 mg/L (GWMWater), Walpeup 0.140 mg/L (GWMWater), Cohuna (Rural) 0.140 mg/L (Coliban Water), Broadford 0.140 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Kilmore 0.140 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Nagambie 0.140 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Dumbalk 0.140 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Foster 0.140 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Korumburra 0.140 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Port Welshpool 0.140 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Brim 0.130mg/L (GWMWater), Lalbert 0.130 mg/L (GWMWater), Inglewood 0.130 mg/L (Coliban Water), Raywood 0.130 mg/L (Coliban Water), Numurkah 0.130 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Wandong/Heathcote Junction 0.130 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Merrangbaur 0.130 mg/L (East Gippsland Water), Port Franklin 0.130 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Healesville 0.130 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Birregurra 0.121 mg/L (Barwon Water), Forrest 0.121 mg/L (Barwon Water), Little River West 0.121 mg/L (Barwon Water), Torquay 0.121 mg/L (Barwon Water), Halls Gap 0.120 mg/L (GWMWater), Sea Lake 0.120 mg/L (GWMWater), Cobden 0.120 mg/L (Wannon Water), Derrinallum 0.120 mg/L (Wannon Water), Dunkeld 0.120 mg/L (Wannon Water), Bridgewater 0.120 mg/L (Coliban Water), Euroa 0.120 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Waterford Park 0.120 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Wunghnu 0.120 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Yea 0.120 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Bairnsdale 0.120 mg/L (East Gippsland Water), Eagle Point/Paynesville 0.120 mg/L (East Gippsland Water), Sunlakes-Toorloo 0.120 mg/L (East Gippsland Water), Toora 0.120 mg/L (South Gippsland Water), Boolara 0.120 mg/L (Gippsland Water), Darley 0.118 mg/L (Western Water), Bass 0.114 mg/L (Westernport Water), Lancefield 0.113 mg/L (Western Water), Mount Macedon 0.112 mg/L (Western Water), Ouyen 0.110 mg/L (GWMWater), Cudgewa 0.110 mg/L (North East Water), Wodonga Logic 0.110 mg/L (North East Water), Toolamba 0.110 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Jumbuk 0.110 mg/L (Gippsland Water), Warragul South 0.110 mg/L (Gippsland Water), Belgrave 0.110 mg/L (South East Water), Dandenong 0.110 mg/L (South East Water), Mount Martha 0.110 mg/L (South East Water), Wantirna 0.110 mg/L (South East Water), Maddingley 0.109 mg/L (Western Water), Macedon 0.107 mg/L (Western Water), Caroline Springs 0.103 mg/L (City West Water), Bellarine 0.101 mg/L (Barwon Water), Richmond 0.101 mg/L (City West Water), Nullawil 0.100 mg/L (GWMWater), Stawell 0.100 mg/L (GWMWater), Simpson 0.100 mg/L (Wannon Water), Rockbank 0.100 mg/L (Western Water), Tooborac 0.100 mg/L (Coliban Water), Talbot 0.100 mg/L (Central Highlands Water), Corryong High Level 0.100 mg/L (North East Water), Caulfield 0.100 mg/L (South East Water), Dromana 0.100 mg/L (South East Water), Hastings 0.100 mg/L (South East Water), Rye 0.100 mg/L (South East Water), Malvern 0.100 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Taylors Lakes 0.099 mg/L (City West Water), Bayswater 0.099 mg/L (South East Water), Skipton 0.098 mg/L (Central Highlands Water), Lindenow 0.098 mg/L (East Gippsland Water), Sarsfield/Bruthen 0.098 mg/L (East Gippsland Water), Pomonal 0.097 mg/L (GWMWater), Ultima 0.097 mg/L (GWMWater), Clifton Springs 0.097 mg/L (Barwon Water), Glen Waverley 0.097 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Somerton 0.097 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Warranwood 0.097 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Leopold 0.096 mg/L (Barwon Water), Mortlake 0.095 mg/L (Wannon Water), Lorne 0.095 mg/L (Barwon Water), Boort 0.095 mg/L (Coliban Water), Trafalgar 0.095 mg/L (Gippsland Water), Warragul 0.095 mg/L (Gippsland Water), Yallourn North 0.095 mg/L (Gippsland Water), Bunyip 0.095 mg/L (South East Water), Doncaster 0.095 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Doncaster 0.095 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Mooroopna 0.094 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Shoreham 0.094 mg/L (South East Water), Lilydale 0.094 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Dunolly 0.093 mg/L (Coliban Water), Pakenham 0.093 mg/L (South East Water), Cressy 0.092 mg/L (Barwon Water), Gellibrand 0.092 mg/L (Barwon Water), Merrimu 0.092 mg/L (Western Water), Gunbower 0.092 mg/L (Coliban Water), Katamatite 0.092 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Yarragon 0.092 mg/L (Gippsland Water), Tullamarine 0.092 mg/L (City West Water), Laanecoorie 0.091 mg/L (Coliban Water), Mornington 0.091 mg/L (South East Water), Bittern 0.090 mg/L (South East Water), Upper Beaconsfield 0.089 mg/L (South East Water), Highton 0.088 mg/L (Barwon Water), Winchelsea 0.088 mg/L (Barwon Water), Lerderderg 0.088 mg/L (Western Water), Little River 0.088 mg/L (City West Water), Ferntree Gully 0.087 mg/L (South East Water), Frankston 0.087 mg/L (South East Water), Ridge/Monbulk 0.087 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Anglesea 0.086 mg/L (Barwon Water), Lower Plenty 0.086 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Montpellier 0.085 mg/L (Barwon Water), St.James 0.085 mg/L (North East Water), Shepparton 0.085 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Pyramid Hill 0.084 mg/L (Coliban Water), Yinnar 0.084 mg/L (Gippsland Water), Batesford 0.083 mg/L (Barwon Water), Pettavel 0.083 mg/L (Barwon Water), Tarnagulla 0.083 mg/L (Coliban Water), Balnarring 0.083 mg/L (South East Water), Mitcham 0.083 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Ocean Grove 0.082 mg/L (Barwon Water), Thorpdale 0.082 mg/L (Gippsland Water), Kew 0.082 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water), Rutherglen 0.081 mg/L (North East Water), Toongabbie 0.081 mg/L (Gippsland Water), Frankston South 0.081 mg/L (South East Water), Eildon 0.080 mg/L (Goulburn Valley Water), Strathmore 0.080 mg/L (City West Water), Montrose 0.080 mg/L (Yarra Valley Water).
Community Readings Above Water Quality Standard 0.250mg/l
Town/Suburb |
Water Authority |
Maximum Reading |
Minimum Reading |
| Balmoral | Wannon Water | 0.970mg/l | 0.008mg/l |
| Avoca | Central Highlands Water | 0.822mg/l | 0.173mg/l |
| Jung | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.800mg/l | 0.034mg/l |
| Murtoa | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.630mg/l | 0.270mg/l |
| Beulah | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.610mg/l | 0.062mg/l |
| Coleraine | Wannon Water | 0.610mg/l | 0.042mg/l |
| Timor | Central Highlands Water | 0.560mg/l | 0.002mg/l |
| Lexton | Central Highlands Water | 0.540mg/l | 0.046mg/l |
| Alma | Central Highlands Water | 0.534mg/l | 0.025mg/l |
| Woolmelang | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.520mg/l | 0.210mg/l |
| Daisy Hill | Central Highlands Water | 0.510mg/l | 0.250mg/l |
| Maryborough | Central Highlands Water | 0.510mg/l | 0.237mg/l |
| Minyip | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.510mg/l | 0.001mg/l |
| Wycheproof | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.500mg/l | 0.220mg/l |
| Seaspray | Gippsland Water | 0.450mg/l | 0.034mg/l |
| Carisbrook | Central Highlands Water | 0.444mg/l | 0.110mg/l |
| Warracknabeal | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.430mg/l | 0.220mg/l |
| Donald | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.420mg/l | 0.220mg/l |
| Dimboola | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.420mg/l | 0.120mg/l |
| Majorca | Central Highlands Water | 0.420mg/l | 0.008mg/l |
| Rainbow | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.380mg/l | 0.200mg/l |
| Rupanyup | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.380mg/l | 0.160mg/l |
| Nullawil | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.360mg/l | 0.053mg/l |
| Cowes | Westernport Water | 0.350mg/l (mean 0.249mg/l) | 0.170mg/l |
| Grantville | Westernport Water | 0.350mg/l (mean 0.207mg/l) | 0.012mg/l |
| Charlton | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.350mg/l | 0.012mg/l |
| Ararat | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.340mg/l | 0.053mg/l |
| Ventor | Westernport Water | 0.340mg/l (mean 0.179mg/l) | 0.029mg/l |
| Goornong | Coliban Water | 0.330mg/l | |
| Bridgewater | Coliban Water | 0.320mg/l | |
| Bet Bet | Central Highlands Water | 0.318mg/l | 0.001mg/l |
| Cape Woolamai | Westernport Water | 0.300mg/l (mean 0.211mg/l) | 0.160mg/l |
| Serpentine | Coliban Water | 0.290mg/l | |
| Hopetoun | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.290mg/l | 0.071mg/l |
| Inglewood | Coliban Water | 0.280mg/l | |
| Rhyll | Westernport Water | 0.280mg/l (mean 0.219mg/l) | 0.140mg/l |
| Kilcunda | Westernport Water | 0.270mg/l (mean 0.183mg/l) | 0.097mg/l |
| Great Western | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.270mg/l | 0.079mg/l |
| Wonthaggi | South Gippsland Water | 0.270mg/l | <0.071mg/l |
| San Remo | Westernport Water | 0.260mg/l (mean 0.190mg/l) | 0.100mg/l |
| Quambatook | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.260mg/l | 0.100mg/l |
| Cape Paterson | Westernport Water | 0.260mg/l | <0.089mg/l |
| Brim | Grampians Wimmera Mallee Water | 0.260mg/l | 0.013mg/l |
| Meeniyan | South Gippsland Water | 0.250mg/l | <0.096mg/l |
| Corinella | Westernport Water | 0.250mg/l (mean 0.171mg/l) | 0.130mg/l |
Above Water Quality Standard 0.1 milligrams per litre
Town/Suburb |
Water Authority |
Maximum Reading |
Minimum Reading |
| Thornton | Goulburn Valley Water | 0.350mg/l | 0.075mg/l |
| Buxton | Goulburn Valley Water | 0.250mg/l | 0.031mg/l |
| Upper Delatite | Goulburn Valley Water | 0.250mg/l | <0.005mg/l |
| Longwood | Goulburn Valley Water | 0.200mg/l | 0.051mg/l |
| Nagambie | Goulburn Valley Water | 0.175mg/l | 0.037mg/l |
| Dartmouth | North East Water | 0.130mg/l | 0.021mg/l |
| Porepunkah | North East Water | 0.110mg/l | 0.005mg/l |
Above Water Quality Standard 0.1 milligrams per litre
Town/Suburb |
Water Authority |
Maximum Reading |
Minimum Reading |
| Thornton | Goulburn Valley Water | 0.160mg/l | 0.006min |
| Longwood | Goulburn Valley Water | 0.110mg/l | 0.011min |
| Upper Delatite | Goulburn Valley Water | 0.100mg/l | <0.005min |